Results from Aneityum suggest that several children may have been exposed to malaria since the 2002 P. vivax epidemic.

Conclusion: Seroepidemiology can provide key information on malaria transmission for control programmes, when parasite rates are low. As Vanuatu moves closer to malaria elimination, monitoring changes in transmission intensity and identification of residual malaria foci is paramount in order to concentrate intervention efforts.”
“Introduction: There is increasing evidence https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-2.html to suggest that cancer-associated inflammation is associated with

poorer long-term outcomes. Various markers have been studied over the past decade in an attempt to improve selection of patients for surgery. This meta-analysis explored the association between Alvespimycin cell line the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and prognosis following curative-intent surgery for solid tumours.

Methods: Studies were identified from US National Library of Medicine (Medline) and the Exerpta Medica database (EBASE) performed in March 2013. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to generate

combined hazard ratios for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results: Forty-nine studies containing 14282 patients were included. Elevated NLR was associated with poorer overall survival [HR: 1.92, 95% CI (1.64-2.24)] (p < 0.001) and disease-free survival [HR: 1.99, 95% CI (1.80-2.20)]

(p < 0.001). Significant heterogeneity was found with an I-2 of 77% and 97% for OS and DFS respectively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that gastro-intestinal malignancies; mainly gastric [HR: 1.97, Selleck JIB04 95% CI (1.41-2.76)], colorectal [HR: 1.65, 95% CI (1.21-2.26)] and oesophageal [HR: 1.48, 95% CI (0.91-2.42)] cancers were predictive of OS (I-2 54.3%). A separate analysis for studies using an NLR cutoff of 5 demonstrated significantly poorer outcomes [HR: 2.18, 95% CI (1.74-2.73)] (p = 0.002) with less heterogeneity (I-2 = 58%).

Conclusion: Elevated NLR correlates with poorer prognosis. It potentially represents a simple, robust and reliable measure that may be useful in identifying high-risk groups who could benefit from adjuvant therapy. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Neutral/alkaline invertases are a subgroup, confined to plants and cyanobacteria, of a diverse family of enzymes. A family of seven closely-related genes, LjINV1-LjINV7, is described here and their expression in the model legume, Lotus japonicus, is examined. LjINV1 previously identified as encoding a nodule-enhanced isoform is the predominant isoform present in all parts of the plant. Mutants for two isoforms, LjINV1 and LjINV2, were isolated using TILLING. A premature stop codon allele of LjINV2 had no effect on enzyme activity nor did it show a visible phenotype.

They are also known to affect serum levels of several cytokines including adipocytokines. But the association between these cytokines and treatment outcome has not been fully elucidated. We examined pretreatment serum levels of 14 cytokines among 190 patients who were treated with pegylated interferon-a-2b plus ribavirin for chronic HCV-1b infection with high viral load (=5 log IU/mL) and analyzed their contribution to treatment response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vascular endothelial

growth factor, and 11 clinical factors showed significant association with SVR in univariate logistic regression analysis. Four significant factors in multivariate analysis; serum PAI-1 (odds ratio [OR] = 15.42), body mass index (OR = 4.56), rs8099917 (OR = 4.95) and fibrosis stage selleck (OR = 5.18) were identified as independent predictors. We constructed a simple and minimally invasive prediction score for SVR based on the presence of these factors except for fibrosis stage. The accuracy of this score was 73%, and was confirmed using an independent validation cohort learn more consisting of 31 patients (68%). The strongest correlation was between PAI-1 level and platelet count (r = 0.38, P = 1.8 x 10(-7)), and PAI-1 level

was inversely correlated with fibrosis stage. Serum PAI-1 is a novel predictor for the response to combination therapy against chronic HCV-1b infection and may be associated with liver fibrosis.”
“In the present

work, a new methodology to estimate the mean bubble size (dB) in pneumatic bioreactors is proposed. The semi-theoretical method is based on Higbie’s penetration theory and estimates dB. It uses experimental gas hold-up (epsilon) data and volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) obtained Eltanexor order in three scales of concentric-tube airlift reactor (ALR) of 2, 5 and 10 dm(3) and three different pneumatic bioreactors of 2 dm(3,) which are concentric-tube airlift reactor (ALR), bubble column reactor (BCR) and split airlift reactor (SAR). The parameter kLa was separated into its components k(L) and a. Mean bubble size (dB) and convective oxygen transfer coefficient (k(L)) proved not dependent on the superficial gas velocity in the riser (U(GR)) for ALR and SAR and superficial gas velocity (U(G)) for BCR reactor in the experimental range studied. The results indicate that k(L)a is a function only of the gas-liquid interfacial area of the bubbles (a) and therefore of the gas hold-up (epsilon). Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Mucoceles are quite common in the oral cavity, but reports on pediatric patients are very rare.

001). No complication was observed in either the study or the control group. During the 5 +/- 1 months follow-up in the study group and 9 +/- 3 months

in the control group, 91% and 81% of patients, respectively, were AF free.

Conclusions: In our early clinical experience, PVAI using a remote robotic catheter navigation was effective, safe, and associated with shorter procedural and fluoroscopic times than conventional PVAI. (PACE 2009; 32:S163-S166)”
“High resolution x-ray diffraction, electron beam induced current, capacitance-voltage profiling, admittance spectroscopy, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), microcathodoluminescence (MCL) spectra and imaging were performed for multi-quantum-well (MQW) GaN/InGaN p-n junctions grown on epitaxial laterally overgrown Foretinib research buy (ELOG) n-GaN platform layers. These experiments show a very good crystalline quality of the MQW ELOG GaN/InGaN structures with a dislocation density of similar to 10(6) cm(-2) in the laterally overgrown ELOG wings regions. Admittance and DLTS

spectra show the presence of a prominent electron-trap signal with activation energy similar to 0.4 eV likely originating from electron activation from the lowest occupied state in the quantum wells. MCL spectra clearly show a redshift of luminescence in the laterally grown ELOG wings compared to the normally grown ELOG windows. Modeling based on solving Poisson-Schroedinger equations suggests that the main reason for the observed redshift is a higher indium content in the selleck kinase inhibitor wings. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3153967]“
“Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and hence generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug, possesses antioxidant effects. The aim of this paper is Ricolinostat to investigate the protective effects of metformin on the injury of renal podocytes in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a new model for nonobese type 2 diabetes.

Metformin (350 mg/kg/day) was given to SDT rats for 17 weeks. Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and albuminuria were examined. Kidney histopathology, renal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and apoptosis were examined. In 43-week-old SDT rats, severe hyperglycemia was developed, and albuminuria was markedly increased. Diabetes induced significant alterations in renal glomerular structure. In addition, urinary and renal 8-OHdG levels were highly increased, and podocyte loss was shown through application of the TUNEL and synaptopodin staining. However, treatment of SDT rats with metformin restored all these renal changes. Our data suggested that diabetes-induced podocyte loss in diabetic nephropathy could be suppressed by the antidiabetes drug, metformin, through the repression of oxidative injury.

Eight neural markers were quantitatively buy GW786034 analyzed to phenotype the cellular fate of these cells by double labeling immunohistochemistry.

Results. Following syrinx induction, cell proliferation rate increased to 25-115 times that of cells in the intact and sham-operated controls with a peak at day 14 post-injury. In the earliest time points post-syrinx induction, ED1-expressing inflammatory cells formed a significant proportion of the proliferating population. Proliferating neural progenitor cells predominantly differentiated into NG2-expressing immature oligodendrocytes at all stages post-syrinx induction, except the final time point of 56 days. At this time,

there was a peak in the number of newly generated astrocytes identified to have developed from labeled proliferating precursor cells.

Conclusions. Endogenous neural progenitors proliferate markedly following induction of post-traumatic syringomyelia which consists of www.selleckchem.com/products/17-DMAG,Hydrochloride-Salt.html two stages, initial cyst formation and progressive cyst enlargement. During the former stage, macrophages proliferate in situ and contribute to the inflammatory process. The predominant cell type formed from progeny of the induced neural progenitors

was characterized to be immature oliggodendrocytes. However, during the latter stage of cyst development, there was an increase in astrocytic progeny which may represent an environment more conductive to glial scar formation acting to limit further cyst enlargement.”
“Production of polyester AZD8055 filament involves melt spinning into partially oriented yam (POY), followed by drawing to enhance the bulk and mechanical properties.

The industrial demand of increasing productivity is generally met by increasing POY melt spinning speeds, which is limited by increasing polymer chain orientation (and reducing residual drawability) in the POY produced at higher spinning speeds. Modification of the quench geometry during melt spinning is claimed to allow reduction of air drag and polymer chain orientation, permitting an increase in productivity during melt spinning into POY. We present a simple way for modeling the quenching of molten filaments under the modified (axial) air flow. Numerical simulations of the melt spinning are developed to demonstrate the influence of the quench geometry modification as we compare the process with the conventional cross-flow quench and the modified axial quench. We find that increasing quench air flow reduces the polymer chain orientation, in contrast to the well known effect in cross-flow quench. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 2541-2547, 2010″
“Background: With higher incidence of recurrence, ongoing dispute exists on whether triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a good candidate for breast conserving therapy (BCT).

Objective: We aimed to appraise the safety of BCT in treating TNBC, in comparison with modified radical mastectomy.

Malaria prevention for children should be a responsibility of healthcare providers and should be subsidized

for low-income travelers to high-risk areas.”
“Background: Many malaria-related studies depend on infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as fundamental material; however, infected blood samples from human or animal models include leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs), especially difficult to separate from iRBCs in cases involving Plasmodium vivax. These host WBCs are a source of contamination in biology, immunology and molecular biology Birinapant order studies, requiring their removal. Non woven fabric (NWF) has the ability to adsorb leukocytes and is already used as filtration material to deplete WBCs for blood transfusion and surgery. The present study describes the development and evaluation of a prototype NWF filter designed for purifying iRBCs from malaria-infected blood.

Methods: Blood samples of P. vivax patients were processed separately by NWF filter and CF11 column methods. WBCs and RBCs were counted, parasite density, morphology and developing stage was checked by microscopy, and compared before and after treatment. The viability of filtrated P. vivax parasites was examined by in vitro short-term cultivation.

Results: A total of 15 P.

vivax-infected blood samples were treated by both NWF filter and CF11 methods. The WBC removal rate of the NWF filter method was 99.03%, significantly higher than the CF11 methods (98.41%, P < 0.01). The RBC recovery rate of the NWF filter method

was 95.48%, also significantly higher than the CF11 method (87.05%, AZD9291 inhibitor MLN2238 nmr P < 0.01). Fourteen in vitro short-term culture results showed that after filter treatment, P. vivax parasite could develop as normal as CF11 method, and no obvious density, developing stage difference were fund between two methods.

Conclusions: NWF filter filtration removed most leukocytes from malaria-infected blood, and the recovery rate of RBCs was higher than with CF11 column method. Filtrated P. vivax parasites were morphologically normal, viable, and suitable for short-term in vitro culture. NWF filter filtration is simple, fast and robust, and is ideal for purification of malaria-infected blood.”
“Background: Epidermal hyperinnervation in atopic dermatitis (AD) is activated directly by various external stimuli, causing enhanced itching. Nerve density is regulated by the nerve repulsion factor semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), along with nerve elongation factors.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Sema3A ointment in the NC/Nga mouse model of AD.

Methods: An AD-like phenotype was induced by repeated application of Dermatophagoides farinae body (Dfb) ointment to the dorsal skin of NC/Nga mice. Vaseline, heparinoid, betamethasone, tacrolimus and recombinant Sema3A ointments were applied to the lesional skin once a day for 4 days. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and after each treatment.

This method allows quick, quantitative comparison of different fibers and matrices. The test samples were prepared by using commercial polyester resin and E-glass fibers having different commercial sizings. SFFT results were in excellent agreement with the macromechanical test done on samples prepared with the

same glass fiber and same polyester. The crack modes and debonding phenomena were examined from the microscopic AZD5582 images. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) images of the fiber were examined to get detailed topographic information about fiber surfaces. To improve interfacial adhesion, commercial unsaturated polyester was reacted with 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane via Michael Addition reaction on the maleate double bonds of the polyester. The resulting mTOR phosphorylation silylated polyester was characterized by H(1) NMR spectroscopy. The results of SFFT showed that the maximum numbers of fragments increased 23% on using silylated polyester. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 748-755, 2010″
“Background: Little is known of the cellular events that occur in native or repaired tendons as a result of immobilization after injury. To examine this issue, we compared (1) native tendons without immobilization, (2) native tendons with immobilization, and (3) surgically repaired tendons with immobilization.

Methods: Eighty-one rats underwent either patellar tendon repair followed

by immobilization or immobilization of the native tendon without repair. A custom external fixation Savolitinib mouse device was used for immobilization. The tendon-bone insertion site was evaluated after two and four weeks of immobilization with use of histologic, radiographic, and biomechanical analyses.

Results: Immobilization of the native tendon led to a significant decrease in the load to failure (p < 0.01) and stiffness (p < 0.05) compared with the native tendon at both two and four weeks. The repaired/immobilized group

had a significantly lower load to failure at two weeks compared with the native/immobilized group (p < 0.05); however, by four weeks, the repaired group was significantly stronger (p < 0.01). Micro-computerized tomography demonstrated no significant differences in bone microstructure at two weeks but demonstrated increased bone mineral density and bone volume fraction in the repaired/immobilized group at four weeks. There was significantly more MMP-13 (matrix Metalloproteinase-13) staining in the native/immobilized specimens compared with the native specimens at both time points (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Immobilization had a significant detrimental effect on the bone-tendon complex. At two weeks there was a significant decrease in the mechanical properties of the native tendon, but the immobilized, native tendon remained significantly stronger than the repaired and immobilized tendon.

0001). MIS patients left the hospital an average of 4 days earlier than the open PLIF patients, most discharged home (92.5% XLIF

vs. 0% PLIF) rather than to skilled nursing facilities. Six deaths occurred in the PLIF follow-up, 3 within 3 months postoperatively; there was 1 death at 6 months postoperatively XLIF.

Conclusion. Surgical treatment need not be withheld on the basis of age; elderly patients can successfully be treated using MIS techniques, and are in our experience among the most satisfied with their outcomes, enjoying significant improvements in pain, mobility, and quality of life.”
“Poly(etherimide)s this website (PEIs) with different chemical structures were synthesized and characterized, which were employed to toughen epoxy resins (EP/PEI) and carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (CF/EP/PEI). Experimental results revealed that the introduction of the fluorinated groups and meta linkages could help to improve the melt processability of EP/PEI resins. The EP/PEI resins showed obviously improved mechanical

properties including tensile strength of 89.2 MPa, elongation at break of 4.7% and flexural strength of 144.2 MPa, and good thermal properties including glass transition temperature (T-g) of 211 degrees C and initial decomposition temperature (T-d) of 366 degrees C. Moreover, CF/EP/PEI-1 and CF/EP/PEI-4 composites showed significantly improved toughness with impact toughness of 13.8 and 15.5 J/cm(2), respectively. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym www.selleckchem.com/products/z-devd-fmk.html Sci 119: 3162-3169, 2011″
“Following LGK-974 research buy inoculation with the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum, seedlings of the sorghum resistant cultivar SC748-5

showed more rapid and elevated accumulation of luteolin than the susceptible cultivar BTx623. On the other hand, apigenin was the major flavone detected in infected BTx623 seedlings. Luteolin was demonstrated to show stronger inhibition of spore germination of C. sublineolum than apigenin. Because of their pathogen-inducible and antifungal nature, both flavone aglycones are considered sorghum phytoalexins. The key enzyme responsible for flavone biosynthesis has not been characterized in monocots. A sorghum pathogen-inducible gene encoding a cytochrome P450 protein (CYP93G3) in the uncharacterized CYP93G subfamily was identified. Transgenic expression of the P450 gene in Arabidopsis demonstrated that the encoded protein is a functional flavone synthase (FNS) II in planta. The sorghum gene was then termed SbFNSII. It is a single-copy gene located on chromosome 2 and the first FNSII gene characterized in a monocot. Metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in precursor ion scan mode revealed the accumulation of 2-hydroxynaringenin and 2-hydroxyeriodictyol hexosides in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

Through this investigation of PLGA/rifampin electrospun webs, we found that the in vitro degradation Selleck AZD6738 reached approximately 60% in 10 days, and the drug release from the webs showed a fast and constant profile suitable for wound-dressing applications. Also, we observed that both the web-degradation rate and the drug-release rate increased as the drug concentration in the PLGA/rifampin electrospun webs and the content level of glycolide units in the PLGA polymer matrix increased. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“PURPOSE: To evaluate

the visual and refractive outcomes and quality of life after implantation of a multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) with a surface-embedded near section.

SETTING: Private practice, United Kingdom.

DESIGN: Case series.

METHODS: This study comprised patients who had implantation of a Lentis Mplus multifocal IOL after phacoemulsification. The main outcome measures were refraction, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities

(logMAR), uncorrected (UNVA) and corrected (CNVA) near visual acuities (M notation), reading speed (Radner reading chart), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson), and Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction (QIRC) questionnaire scores. A +3.00 diopter (D) reading addition (add) IOL was placed in the nondominant eye and a +1.50 D add IOL in the dominant eye.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 44 eyes of 22 patients (mean age 59.9 years). The mean values 3 months postoperatively MCC950 were UDVA, 0.04 logMAR +/- 0.25 (SD); contrast sensitivity, 1.57 +/- 0.13 logCS; near vision, M0.75 +/- 0.33 at 32 cm and M0.90 +/- 0.27 at 66 cm; reading speed, this website 161.74 words/minute; sphere, 0.08 +/- 0.58 D; astigmatism, -0.60 +/- 0.50 D; CDVA, -0.08 +/- 0.07 logMAR. With best correction, intermediate (66 cm) and near (32 cm) vision were M0.89 +/- 0.26 and M0.74 +/- 0.32, respectively. The mean binocular UNVA

at the preferred viewing distance was M0.57 +/- 0.18, improving to M0.54 +/- 0.19 with distance correction. The mean QIRC score improved from 42.15 +/- 4.66 to 51.14 +/- 8.22.

CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative visual acuity was good with high-level contrast sensitivity, producing significant improvement in quality of life.”
“Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of comorbidities on risk of readmission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and the excess hospital mortality associated with ICU readmissions.

Materials and Methods: A cohort study used clinical data from a 22-bed multidisciplinary ICU in a university hospital and comorbidity data from the Western Australian hospital morbidity database.

Results: From 16 926 consecutive ICU admissions between 1987 and 2002, and 654 (3.9%) of these patients were readmitted to ICU readmissions within the same hospitalization.

Periodontal examinations were undertaken to determine diverse clinical dental variables. All periodontal

clinical examinations were assessed using the Florida Probe System, a dental chair and one examiner. Questionnaires were used to collect diverse risk indicators. Statistical analyses were undertaken with negative binomial regression models.

Results: The mean number of sites with this website gingival recession per subject was 6.73 +/- 5.81; the prevalence was 87.6%. In the negative binomial regression model we observed that for (i) each year of age, and (ii) each percentage unit of increase in sites with plaque, and (iii) with suppuration, mean sites with gingival recession increased 2.9%, 1.0% and 13.0%, respectively. Having a spouse was associated

with gingival recession.

Conclusions: We observed association between gingival recession, and sociodemographic and clinical parameters. Patients need to be educated about risk indicators for gingival recession as well as the preventive maneuvers that may be implemented to minimize its occurrence. The potential of improved oral self-care to VS-6063 inhibitor prevent a largely benign condition such as gingival recession is important, given the associated disorders that may ensue root exposure, such as root caries and root hypersensitivity.”
“Introduction: Aberrant renovascular anatomy due to a horseshoe kidney becomes challenging during endovascular aneurysm repair.

Report: A 65-year-old man presented with a horseshoe kidney overlying a 6.1 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm, with the inferior vena cava anterior to both aneurysm

and kidney. The left renal artery shared a common origin with the inferior mesenteric artery. Management was by endovascular repair with precannulation of the common check details left renal/inferior mesenteric arterial origin as a strategic marker, allowing deployment of a standard bifurcated stent-graft.

Discussion: Innovative endovascular/fenestrated/sidebranching techniques make issues of aberrant anatomy, redundant and reduces surgical morbidity; with relatively simple anatomy precannulation of aberrant vessel(s) guides deployment of the top end of a standard stent-graft. (C) 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane and isoflurane in nasal septal surgery in terms of intraoperative blood loss, operation time, recovery time, and especially postoperative pain.

Methods: A total of 90 elective nasal septal surgery patients between the ages of 19 and 58 years (mean age, 32.95 years) who were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II between January 2011 and June 2012 were included the study. Patients were assigned by randomization to receive 1 of 2 anesthetic agents (n = 45 patients each group): balanced general anesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane group.

Two Captisol weeks after the vertebroplasty, the patient resumed his rehabilitative treatment without presenting cervical pain or mobility limitation.

Conclusion. Spinal metastases treatment may include combinations of radiotherapy, vertebroplasty, and bisphosphonates, which have proved analgesic effect and a decrease of bone complications; however, out of these options, only vertebroplasty allows rapid stabilization and analgesia.”
“Background: Hypercholesterolemia

is a major risk factor for incident coronary artery disease and the prevalence of heart failure (HF). The causal relationship between low total cholesterol (TC) levels and poor clinical outcome in patients with acute HF has not been investigated. This study evaluated the effect of cholesterol levels on the long-term outcome in patients hospitalized due to acute HF.

Methods and Results: We analyzed a cohort of 2,797 HF patients who were eligible for analysis in 3,200 patients of the Korean Heart Failure Registry. Patients were stratified into quartiles of TC (Q1 <133, Q2 133-158, Q3 159-190, and Q4 >190 mg/dL). Propensity

score matching was performed with the patients in Ql and Q4. Patients with lower serum TC had lower blood pressure, lower hemoglobin, lower serum sodium, and higher natriuretic peptide levels than patients with higher TC levels. Low TC was associated with increased KU-57788 datasheet risks for death and readmission due to HF; the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of Q1 compared with Q4 was 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-1.90). However, propensity score matching analysis revealed

that low cholesterol itself did not affect outcome (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.85-1.48).

Conclusions: Low TC is strongly associated with mortality and morbidity in patients with HF. However, low TC seemed to be a secondary result of the patient’s see more state rather than an independent risk factor for poor outcome. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:194-201)”
“Chemokines and their receptors orchestrate leukocyte recruitment and confer immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The immunoregulatory and cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells are essential at the site of infection during tuberculous pleurisy. The frequency, subtypes, and expression of phenotype markers and chemokine receptors on NK cells were assessed by flow cytometry in tuberculous (TB) and nontuberculous (NTB) pleural fluid (PF). Chemotaxis was also shown in response to chemokines. A significant decrease in CD56(dim) with no change in CD56(bright) NK cells was observed, while a significant increase in activation markers and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was observed on TB-PF CD56(bright) NK cells. Significantly increased expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR7 on CD56(bright) and CCR5 on CD56(dim) NK cells was observed in the TB group. Transmigration of TB-PF NK cells was significantly high in response to IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and SLC.