Under catch shares, fishermen and fleets recover economically. Overall revenues increase dramatically under catch shares (Fig. 8). Combined with rationalization, this results in

revenues per vessel nearly doubling [3], [17], [19], [29], [41], [48], [52], [53], [67], [68], [74], [75] and [76]. Overall revenues increase for numerous reasons. Decreasing discards and more efficient fishing practices (such as decreased trawl time) increase efficiency, while the longer seasons eliminate the need for vessels to sustain a grueling pace while at sea. Slowing the fishery often results in higher prices from year-round availability of fresh fish, increasing quality from better handling, and increasing processing product recovery (the percentage of fish used in the finished product) [personal communication] [105]. In addition, many catch shares RO4929097 supplier see more fisheries achieve certification from the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), which can increase demand and raise prices. MSC certification is awarded to 58% of US catch share fisheries, versus fewer than 5% of traditionally managed fisheries [106]. In addition to benefitting from vessel and fleet level efficiencies, catch shares can allow for

higher TACs through more strategic management. Overall, TACs increase an average of 13% five years after catch shares implementation, and 19% ten years after catch shares implementation (see Section 4.3.2). The BC halibut, [60] Alaska pollock [7], and Alaska halibut [60] fisheries increased TACs the most, from 30% to 50%. In contrast, the SCOQ [65] and Alaska sablefish [57] decreased TACs between 10% and 40% in response to declining biomass due to general environmental performance [19] and [107]. These data suggest that TACs can be adjusted upward

due to increased biomass. However, they can be restricted by recruitment classes and other species-specific Immune system population patterns. Social changes accompany these economic and environmental gains. The catch shares programs in this study note shifts in numerous areas of social interest. Safety increases as the pace of fishing decreases and seasons lengthen, benefiting all stakeholders. Ports in Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries undergo a modest consolidation, with many mid-size ports having increased landings and most of the smaller ports having decreased landings. Processors that were tooled to process large amounts of fish in short periods are forced to adjust as seasons lengthen, although new processing entrants can benefit. The labor market shifts towards full-time crewmember positions, benefitting certain workers with increased hours while resulting in some part-time job losses. Catch shares improve safety by eliminating the race for fish, removing the incentive to sacrifice safety for speed. Fishing safety nearly triples based on an index of relevant safety data across fisheries [6], [77], [78], [81], [108], [109] and [110].

Male C57BL/6 J mice (8–11 weeks old, Japan CLEA, Japan) were randomly divided into the following four groups (n=10/group) for the administration of AGL (purchased from Takeda Pharm. Co. Ltd., Japan) or vehicle. Doses were determined based on the human clinical dose ( Scott, 2010): Group I, vehicle (saline); group II, low-dose AGL (7.5 μg/day=0.25 mg/kg/day); group III, medium-dose AGL (15 μg/day=0.5 mg/kg/day); and group IV, high-dose AGL (30 μg/day=1.0 mg/kg/day). Saline, or AGL dissolved in 0.2 ml saline was administered once a day for three consecutive weeks

via intragastric gavage. After treatment, Nutlin-3 mouse mice were subjected to the brain surgery to induce temporary focal ischemia. Neurological deficits and the volumes of infarcted lesions were analyzed 24 h after ischemia. SCH727965 A second cohort of mice was randomly divided into the following two groups: Group I, vehicle (saline); group II, AGL (0.5 mg/kg/day)(n=11/group), with a dose that was determined based on the results of the acute-phase analysis. The timing and nature of the surgery that was used to induce ischemia were exactly as above. Neurological deficits were assessed daily, and the

volumes of infarcted lesions were analyzed seven days after ischemia. A third cohort of mice (n=52) was randomly divided into the following two groups): Group I, vehicle (saline); group II, AGL (0.5 mg/kg/day). The administration of AGL or vehicle was performed immediately after the induction of reperfusion (after the insult of 15-min temporary focal ischemia as described below), once via intragastric gavage. Neurological deficits were assessed daily, SSR128129E and the volumes of infarcted lesions were analyzed 24 h or seven days (n=13/group) after ischemia. Temporary, focal ischemia was produced in the left neocortex using the 3VO technique (Yanamoto et al., 2003, Yanamoto et al., 2008, Yamamoto et al., 2011 and Nakajo et al., 2008). Briefly, the left middle

cerebral artery (MCA) at the location distal to the lenticlostiriate arteries, the lateral edge of the olfactory tract, was cauterized. Bilateral common carotid arteries (CCAs) were simultaneously clip-occluded at the neck for 15 min, under surgical microscope with halothane-inhalation anesthesia and the monitoring of vital signs. During the anesthesia, rectal temperature was regulated within the physiological range, at 37±0.5 °C, before, during, and after ischemia. Heart rate and mean blood pressure were monitored via the proximal tail artery. Blood glucose levels were analyzed at the same time during the day (from 11 to 12 A.M.). 24 h (in the acute phase), or for 7 days (in the chronic phase), after the induction of ischemia, the functional consequences caused by ischemic stress and cerebral infarction were examined according to our original stroke-induced neurological deficit (SND) score (Yanamoto et al., 2001 and Yamamoto et al., 2011).

The rate of cellular glycolysis is reflected by the degree of FDG uptake and that can be determined from imaging data with correction for attenuation of photons by body

tissues. The relatively low specificity of FDG-PET and the difficulty in localizing the activity identified by FDG-PET imaging have elicited efforts to integrate FDG-PET with other morphological imaging techniques. Hereby a PET/CT was introduced offering a combination of morphological and molecular/cellular imaging. FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT have a better sensitivity than CT alone in the detection of locoregional cancer spread and distant metastases in patients with NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Selleck EPZ6438 FDG-PET/CT is regarded as a standard of care in the management of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell Tenofovir concentration lung cancer (SCLC). It is a useful adjunct in the characterization of indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN), and pre-treatment staging of NSCLC, notably

mediastinal nodal staging and detection of remote metastases. FDG-PET/CT is more precise than CT in its ability to assess locoregional lymph node spread. It can detect metastatic lesions that would have been missed on conventional imaging or are located in difficult anatomical areas, and helps in the differentiation of lesions that are equivocal after conventional imaging. Increasingly FDG-PET/CT is employed in radiotherapy planning, prediction of prognosis in terms of tumor response to neo-adjuvant, radiation and chemotherapy treatment. Evidence is accumulating of usefulness of PET/CT in small cell lung cancer. In this review we will discuss the role of PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of lung cancer. Christensen et al. compared CT

enhancement of SPN vs. 18 FDG. They examined 42 SPNs with both CT and PET scanning. CT was positive for a peak enhancement of more than 15 HU in all malignant nodules and 12 benign nodules (sensitivity 100%, specificity 29%, PPV 68% and NPV 100%). PET studies were positive by semi-quantitative analysis where the Standardized uptake value (SUV) was greater than 2.5 in Immune system 21 out of 25 malignant SPNs and 3 of the 17 benign SPNs (sensitivity 84%, specificity 82%, PPV 88% and NPV 78%). The study concluded that PET had much higher sensitivity, and is preferable to CT in characterizing indeterminate SPNs. However, CT remains useful and is the first choice imaging because of the high NPV, convenience and cost [1]. Fletcher et al. concluded in their paper that definitely and probably benign SPNs on PET and CT strongly predicted benign lesions. However, such results were 3 times more common with PET. Definitely positive PET scans were much more predictive of malignancy than were these results on CT. A malignant final diagnosis was approximately 10 times more likely than a benign lesion when PET results were rated definitely malignant [2].

, 2007 and Miller and Wheeler, 2012). Trichodesmium can acclimate and grow at temperature ranging from 20 to 34 °C, and the maximum growth rate and maximum nitrogen fixing rate were found at the temperature range of 24–30 °C ( Breitbarth et al., 2007). It can provide new nutrients for other blooms once initiated ( Lenes et al., 2001, Walsh and Steidinger, 2001, Mulholland

et al., 2004, Mulholland et al., 2006 and Lenes and Heil, 2010). With extensive in situ and MODIS data, Hu et al. (2010) showed that Trichodesmium presents unique spectral reflectance characteristics at 469, 488, 531, 547, 555 nm (i.e., high–low–high–low–high) GSI-IX due to specific optical properties of its unusual pigments and this spectral feature differentiate Trichodesmium blooms from other blooms. Fig. 8(a) and (b) display MODIS/Aqua derived ERGB and chlorophyll-a

images for December 23 2008. The bloom patch showed high chlorophyll-a with brownish color in the ERGB image. Spectral analysis confirmed the presence of Trichodesmium, as indicated by the unique spectral curvature between 469 and 555 nm, i.e. high-low–high-low–high, shown in Fig. 8(c). The SST image presented in Fig. 8(d) shows that the temperature of the bloom patch vary in the range of 24–27 °C, which is also beneficial for growth of Selleck Capmatinib Trichodesmium, as aforementioned. The dominant species during the 2008 bloom period, dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, is mixotrophic ( Jeong et al., 2004). It can respond directly to inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic substrates of anthropogenic origin and indirectly by consuming more abundant bacterial and algal prey that respond directly to elevated nutrients ( Burkholder et al., 2008). As suggested by Heil et al. (2001), aquaculture must be considered as additional source of nutrients that support

bloom development. Industrial and sewage inputs contribute significantly. Inorganic nutrients and chronic oil pollution must also be taken into account, which enhances photosynthesis via reduction of pelagic and benthic grazers (Heil et al., 2001). Estuarine freshwater U0126 solubility dmso discharge from local rivers has also been considered as a source of nutrient supply for blooms, e.g. on the West Florida Shelf (Vargo et al., 2004, Brand and Compton, 2007 and Stumpf et al., 2008). However, estuarine nutrient flux alone is insufficient to support blooms (Walsh et al., 2006 and Vargo et al., 2008). Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a significant vector for solute transport between land and sea in arid climates (Ostrovsky, 2007). Hu et al. (2006) argued that submarine SGD could be another nutrient source for bloom development. SGD has also been reported in the Arabian Gulf (Ostrovsky, 2007). Walsh et al. (2009) showed that dead and decaying fish could sustain a bloom once the bloom was initiated.

05. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. Analyses were performed Everolimus in vivo by using an intention-to-treat

approach. Continuous variables were represented by using mean and standard deviation (SD). Chi-square and t tests were used to compare proportions and means for normally distributed data, as appropriate. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate for differences in cecal intubation rate. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by adjusting the variables with a value < .10 by univariate analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS version 19.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). A 2-tailed P value < .05 was considered significant. In an 8-month period, 785 outpatients were scheduled. A total of 151 patients (19.2%) had prior abdominal or pelvic surgery. A total of 137 patients

provided informed consent, and 110 patients were enrolled and randomized to the WEC group (n = 55) and the AC group (n = 55). The other 27 patients were excluded, 24 met exclusion criteria, and 3 subsequently decided not to undergo colonoscopy. The patient flow is detailed in Figure 1. A total of 70.9% of patients in the WEC group and 67.2% in the AC group were female (P = .68). Other baseline characteristics (age, BMI, indication for the colonoscopy, and previous abdominal or pelvic surgery) between the two groups were well balanced ( Table 1). In the present study, more than two-thirds of patients underwent a diagnostic colonoscopy. Four selleck inhibitor patients in the WEC group and 10 in the AC group each reported two symptoms, such as abdominal pain, rectal bleeding or melena, or change in bowel habits. The study outcomes are summarized in Table 2. The cecal intubation rate was significantly higher in the WEC group (92.7% vs 76.4%; P = .033). Among the 17 failed cases, 3 needed to repeat bowel preparation (2 in the WEC group and 1 in the AC group) and 2 had obstructing tumors (1 in each group). The remainder were rescued with a conventional sedated colonoscopy by using air insufflation, which was the usual practice in

our endoscopic center. Ten in Chlormezanone the AC group were successful (mean operation time, 13.8 ± 6.4 minutes). Two (1 in each group) failed despite sedation (mean operation time, 54.4 ± 2.1 minutes) ( Table 3). The air method with sedation remained unsuccessful in 1 patient in the water group because of a severe colon stricture. Multivariate analysis showed that the colonoscopy method was the only independent predictor of failed colonoscopy (odds ratio 11.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-97.09; P = .025) ( Table 4). For those with successful cecal intubation, the total colonoscopy, cecal intubation, and withdrawal times were not significantly different between the two groups ( Table 2). Among patients who successfully completed colonoscopy, the maximum pain scores were 2.1 ± 1.8 (WEC) and 4.6 ± 1.7 (AC) (P < .001).

In order to heal the larger wound, the skin surface must be covered with sufficient Tenofovir concentration dressing, even it is temporary. An ideal wound dressing should do the following: (1) Maintain a moist environment around the wound. (2) Permit diffusion of gases. (3) Remove excess exudates but prevent saturation

of the dressing to its outer surface. (4) Protect wound from microbes and not contaminate the wound with foreign particles. (5) Provide mechanical protection. (6) Control local temperature and pH. (7) Be easy and comfortable to remove and change. (8) Minimize pain from the wound. (9) Be nontoxic. (10) Be cost-effective and cosmetically acceptable. (11) Prevent wound desiccation. (12) Stimulate the growth factors and be biocompatible and elastic. (13) Reduce malodor. (14) Conform to the site and shape of the wound. (15) Assist in wound bed preparation, such as debridement. (16) Satisfy patient and clinician expectations.66 and 67 Dressings made with learn more biometrics are becoming popular because of their many advantages. Impaired wound healing because of infections and other above-mentioned complications spurred the search for drug-loaded dressings.68 Drug-loaded dressings are prepared by incorporating drugs

such as antibacterials and antibiotics in the dressings. When applied to a wound, drug-loaded dressings act as a barrier to microorganisms and thus prevent secondary infections, while stimulating the wound-healing environment. Therefore, drug-loaded dressings are useful in preventing secondary infections on the wound and promoting fast wound healing. However, the ability of cotton fibers to absorb large amounts of moisture makes them more prone to Montelukast Sodium microbial attack under certain conditions of humidity and temperature.37 Moreover, cotton are serves as a medium for the growth of bacteria and fungus.69 For this reason, cotton fibers are treated with numerous chemicals to get better antimicrobial cotton textiles. Among the various antimicrobial agents, silver nanoparticles have shown strong inhibitory

and antimicrobial activity and have no negative effect on the human body.70 These particles can be incorporated into several kinds of materials, such as clothes. Clothes incorporating with silver nanoparticles are sterile and can be used to prevent or to minimize infection with pathogenic bacteria. Nowadays, metal-based topical dressings have been widely used as a treatment for infections in burns, open wounds, and chronic ulcers.71 Silver nanoparticles were incorporated by physical means; before being used, cotton fabrics were washed, sterilized, and dried, then submerged in an Erlenmeyer flask containing silver nanoparticles and agitated at 600 rpm for 24 hours and dried at 70°C, then cured at 150°C. The schematic representation of the formation of metal nanoparticles on cotton fabrics is presented in Figure 4. Rujitanaroj et al.

hud.ac.uk/hydrocolloids/ 8th Nizo Dairy Conference 11-13 September 2013 Papendal, the Netherlands Internet: www.nizodairyconference.com Campylobacter

and Helicobacter Related Organisms – CHRO 2013 15-19 September 2013 Aberdeen, Scotland Internet: www.chro-2013.org ICFIA PLX3397 18- 18th International Conference on Flow Injection 15-20 September 2013 Porto, Portugal Internet: http://www.spq.pt/eventos/icfia Eighteenth International Symposium on Problems of Listeriosis (ISOPOL XVIII) 19-22 September 2013 Goa, India Internet: www.isopol-goa.in EPNOE 2013 International Polysaccharide Conference 21-24 October 2013 Nice, France Internet: http://epnoe2013.sciencesconf.org 2nd International Conference on Microbial Diversity – Microbial Interactions in Complex Ecosystems 23-25 October 2013 Turin, Italy Internet: www.biotagr.unipd.it/md2013 2nd International Conference on Microbial Diversity: 2013 – Microbial Interactions in Complex Ecosystems 23-25 October 2013 Turin, Italy Internet: http://www.biotagr.unipd.it/md2013/ World Dairy

Summit 2013 28 October-1 November 2013 Yokohama, Japan Internet: fil-idf.org Advances in Predictive Modelling and Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment of buy Afatinib Foods 28 October-6 November 2013 Sao Paulo, Brazil Internet: www.fcf.usp.br/espca2013/ 8th CIGR International Technical Symposium on “Advanced Food Processing and Quality Management” 3-7 November 2013 Guangzhou (Canton), China Internet: http://www2.scut.edu.cn/CIGR2013/ Food Structure and Functionality Forum Symposium 0

From Molecules to Functionality 30 March-2 April 2014 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Internet: www.foodstructuresymposium.com Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“Events Date and Venue Details from Foodmicro 2012 3-7 September Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2012 Istanbul, Turkey Internet: www.foodmicro.org Eurosense 2012 – European Conference on Sensory and Consumer Research 9-12 September 2012 Bern, Switzerland Internet: www.eurosense.elsevier.com Food Ingredients South America 18-20 September 2012 São Paulo, Brazil Internet: http://fi-southamerica.ingredientsnetwork.com/ Statistics for Sensory and Consumer Science 24-26 October 2012 Ås, Norway Internet: http://www.nofima.no/en/kurs/2012/01/course-statistics-for-sensory-and-consumer-science International Conference on Agricultural and Food Engineering for Fife 17-20 November 2012 Putrajaya, Malaysia Internet: www.eng.upm.edu.my/cafei2012 2012 EFFoST Annual Meeting 20-23 November 2012 Montpellier, France Internet: www.effostconference.com 7th Int. CIGR Technical Symposium – Innovating the Food Value Chain 25-28 November 2012 Stellenbosch, South Africa Internet: http://www0.sun.ac.za/postharvest/cigr2012/index.php 2012 Annual Conference & Exhibition 2-6 December 2012 Honolulu, Hawaii Internet: http://isnff.org/files/105-1.pdf Global Food Safety Conference 6-8 March 2013 Barcelona, Spain Internet: www.tcgffoodsafety.

11 Alternatively, the binding of daclatasvir or BMS-553 at this location might perturb the positioning of the N-terminal AH on DI in the model recently proposed, 28 affecting proper positioning and/or folding of the linker segment connecting DI with the AH ( Supplementary Figure 5A). This hypothesis is supported by the docking of both inhibitors close to the N-terminus of DI (aa 32 and 33) and by

several daclatasvir resistance mutations residing in this connecting region, especially at aa 28, 30, 31, and 32. 30 In the clam-like DI dimer,10 no binding cleft ABT-737 nmr is present. BMS-553 and daclatasvir dock into the same area (Figure 2E; Supplementary Figure 6B and 7; Supplementary Video M2), which includes aa 54 and 93 and corresponds to the area forming one border of the cleft observed at the interface of the back-to-back structure. In addition, both compounds are located at the membrane-proximal surface, eventually Onalespib molecular weight disturbing positioning and/or folding of the N-terminal linker segment

connecting DI with AH ( Supplementary Figure 7). Docking experiments conducted on the recently reported head-to-head DI dimer revealed that all NS5A inhibitors docked into the cleft at the dimer interface in a comparable manner, similar to that reported (data not shown).12 However, the relevance of this inhibitor binding cleft is unclear because Y93 is not directly in contact with the docked molecules. HCV replication strictly depends on the host cell kinase PI4KIIIα, which physically interacts with NS5A and modulates NS5A phosphorylation.7 and 31 It was also shown that 4-anilino quinazolines, such as AL-9, which were formerly classified as NS5A inhibitors, are inhibitors of PI4KIIIα.32 However, in contrast to AL-9, BMS-553 did not inhibit purified PI4KIIIα in vitro, excluding this possible mode of action (Figure 3A). NS5A is critically involved in activation of PI4KIIIα kinase activity, resulting in massive accumulation of intracellular PI4P levels.7 and 8 To determine whether BMS-553 inhibits PI4KIIIα–NS5A interaction, we Adenylyl cyclase conducted colocalization and coprecipitation experiments. Colocalization was not affected

by BMS-553 treatment (Supplementary Figure 8). However, interaction of the kinase with wild-type (wt) NS5A, but not the resistant mutant, was reduced at highest BMS-553 concentrations (Figure 3B and C). Next, we evaluated whether reduced NS5A-PI4KIIIα interaction might affect kinase activation in vitro. Because NS5A inhibitors were reported to bind to NS5A only intracellularly, but not to purified protein,18 we coexpressed PI4KIIIα and NS3-5B in the presence or absence of BMS-553. PI4KIIIα was captured by immunoprecipitation either directly or by coprecipitation with NS5A, and lipid kinase activity was determined. PI4KIIIα activity was not affected by inhibitor treatment in any condition we tested (Supplementary Figure 9A).

The chain linking the two quaternary nitrogen in bispyridinium oximes exerts a great effect on the reactivating efficacy, although this part of the oxime reactivator molecule does not play any role in the dephosphorylation process (Kassa et al., 2008). This is in better agreement with our study since none of the two newly oximes here tested have pyridinium rings, and they presented results that are comparable to the ones achieved by pralidoxime, but not selleckchem to those achieved by obidoxime. Indeed,

oxime 1 had a sulfur (S) atom, which can either act as reducing or oxidant agent. However, this fact seems to not affect in great scale the oxime reactivation potency, once that oxime 1 had similar results that oxime 2. It is clear also that in vitro reactivation of inhibited-AChE does not depend of oxime concentration. Since reactivation once achieved by the oxime, an increase on the concentration seems to not alter the activity of the enzyme, as could be observed for oxime 2 and pralidoxime at 50 and 100 μM in diazinon-inhibited AChE, and for oxime 2 and obidoxime at 10 and 50 μM in malathion-inhibited AChE. This may be probably the aging process, generating an anionic methylphosphonic

acid-AChE conjugate that is no longer susceptible to oxime reactivation because of charge repulsion between the anionic oximate and methylphosphonic acid groups (Barak et al., 1997). In this way it seems that the potency of reactivation of an oxime depends not so much on the concentration,

but must on the time of GSK1349572 manufacturer the exposure of the oxime after the formation of the complex OP–AChE. In this study it was not possible to archive a successful reactivation of the inhibited-BChE, even with the highest oxime concentration of 100 μM. This result was not unexpected since many oximes are poor reactivators of BChE than AChE (Worek et al., 1999b). This may be due to the active site of BChE is larger than that of AChE (Saxena et al., 1997) and better accommodates phosphorylated oximes that are generated during reactivation and can then inhibit the Thalidomide regenerated BChE by blocking it´s active site or by rephosphorylating the newly active enzyme. In conclusion, our data confirm that both newly developed oximes seem to be promising reactivators OP-inhibited AChE, with similar pralidoxime AChE reactivation rates in vitro. This work was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), FINEP (Instituto Brasileiro de Neurociência (IBN-Net)) # 01.06.0842-00 and INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection – MCT/CNPq. F.A.A.S. are recipients of CNPq fellowship. “
“Obesity and high fat diets promote increased plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) leading to endothelial dysfunction (Mattern and Hardin, 2007).

P. fucoides and F. lumbricalis were selected on the basis of observations made during our previous studies (to be published), in which red algae demonstrated a greater bioaccumulation affinity for 137Cs under natural conditions than green and brown algae species. The other reason buy Cilengitide was the relatively simple access to live organisms, owing to their widespread distribution in the southern Baltic Sea. The bioaccumulation of gamma emitting radionuclides was examined in two species

of red algae (Polysiphonia fucoides and Furcellaria lumbricalis) under laboratory conditions. Macrophytes were sampled in the area around the Kępa Redłowska, in the Gulf of Gdańsk ( Figure 1), and were collected with the stony substrate by scuba divers in May 2009. Stones covered with red macroalgae were rinsed with seawater to remove sand, solid pollutants and organisms (e.g. Gammarus) inhabiting the thalli, and immersed in two aquaria with dimensions of 50 × 80 × 50 cm  AZD8055 purchase equipped with aerating filters. F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides were put into separate aquaria filled with seawater previously passed through Whatman filters (GF/C). The water temperature was related to room temperature (23 ± 1°C), and the water salinity was 7.0 (PSS′78).

The experiment lasted from July to December 2009. The plants in the aquaria were left to equilibrate and on 20 July 2009 mafosfamide 1 ml of mixed gamma standard solution (code BW/Z-62/27/07, total activity 72.67 kBq/15.06.2009, total weight 10.02732 g;

produced by OBRI POLATOM, Świerk k/Otwocka, Poland) was added to each aquarium. The standard solution was a mixture of 11 radionuclides (51Cr, 54Mn, 57Co, 60Co, 65Zn, 85Sr, 109Cd, 110mAg, 113Sn, 137Cs, 241Am) (see Table 1). The initial concentrations of radionuclides in spiked seawater were calculated using the activities in the standard solution and the volume of seawater in the aquaria. They are presented in Table 1. The exposed macroalgae were first sampled after 20 days. Samples of P. fucoides and F. lumbricalis were collected for the analysis of their radionuclide content. As the total biomass of P. fucoides in the experimental aquarium was very small, all the material was used up in this first determination and the investigation of bioaccumulation was terminated in this species at this very early stage and continued solely with F. lumbricalis. Subsequent samplings were carried out after 25, 20, 6 and 78 days. Initial radionuclide concentrations were determined in both macroalgae species in specially designated samples, which were collected at the same time as the plants later exposed during the experiment. Seawater samples of 450 ml volume were taken in parallel with the plant samples, and radionuclide concentrations were measured in Marinelli geometry with the same gamma spectrometry method.