Five of the other homoisoflavanones (3–7) exhibits identical substitution patterns in ring A. Ring B of (1–7) contains either no substituent or substituents varying in hydrophobicity, electronic properties or size. The susceptibility of C. albicans to compounds (1–7) was determined and is depicted in Fig. 4. The MIC50 values suggest the potency of the synthesized compounds, whilst the Emax values suggest their efficacies. A relatively

low potency, indicated by a higher MIC50 value, suggests that higher find more concentrations are needed to achieve 50% antifungal activity. Efficacy is indicative of the maximum response obtainable, with 100% suggesting that fungal growth is completely inhibited. The MIC50 and Emax values are summarized in Table 2. Compound 3 exhibited the highest potency and highest efficacy. The potency of this compound (IC50 = 25 μM) is considerably better than that of the control drug clotrimazole (IC50 = 42 μM), although the

compound could not reach 100% efficacy even at higher concentrations, suggesting fungistatic activity. Amongst compounds (4–7), compound 5 exhibited the highest efficacy, followed by compounds (6–7) with slightly lower efficacies and compound 4 with the lowest efficacy. Compound 4 also showed the lowest potency. The potencies of compounds 5 and 7 were approximately 2-fold lower than compound 6. Structural differences were investigated in order to explain the differences in efficacy and potency. Compounds www.selleckchem.com/products/iox1.html (4–7) has identical substitution patterns in ring A namely 5,7-dimethoxy substitution. The B ring of 3 is unsubstituted but compounds (4–7) are substituted respectively TCL with hydroxy, methoxy, chloride and fluoride substituents in the 4′-position of the B ring. These results suggest that the size and hydrophobicity of the substituents may play a role in the activity. Both 1 and 4 contain a 4′-hydroxy group in ring B and respectively 7,8-dimethoxy or 5,7-dimethoxy substituents in ring A. Compound 1 exhibited higher potency and efficacy than 1. This

result suggests that the 7,8-dimethoxy substitution pattern leads to reduced activity in compounds substituted with a hydroxy group in ring A. The in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds (1–7) was investigated and the IC50 values are represented in Table 3. Assessment of cytotoxicity in mammalian cells is important in the development of new drugs to ensure selectivity between species. Even if the cytotoxicity profile of a compound is not favourable, it does not prohibit its future development. Many fungal infections are superficial and topical application of drugs may reduce systemic toxicity. Compounds 3, 6 and 7 were most toxic with IC50 values between 8 and 15 μM. Compounds 1 and 5 showed slight cytotoxicity and compound 2 was not cytotoxic at the concentrations tested. All these compounds were much less cytotoxic that the reference drug emetine (0.125 μM).

For key informant

interviews, our study resulted in a relatively small sample size mainly due to the study’s very specific topic (hepatitis A vaccine adoption) and focus on the viewpoints of government officials, scientists, clinicians and other administrators who know something about the topic. People with program and private sector experience were contacted, but many did not respond to interview requests. Despite these limitations, we believe we have identified selleck chemicals and synthesized articles in a systematic manner and provide a glimpse into the understandings of key stakeholders of Hepatitis A in each country. This study concurrently carried out a systematic literature review and key stakeholder interviews to assess gaps between documentation and policy makers’ perceptions in six countries. Triangulation of results allowed us to identify countries where better communication of existing evidence or greater sharing of existing non-published evidence would be fruitful. It also highlighted and confirmed data gaps in seroprevalence or cost-effectiveness where both the literature and stakeholders agree that evidence is missing and would be important to gather. Applying multiple research methods resulted in a more focused attention to the data gaps

and evidence-to-policy gaps than if only one method had been used. This study also highlights the dearth of seroprevalence data that exist in India and Mexico. INK1197 mouse Further research is needed in these countries to highlight the potential health and economic impacts of hepatitis A disease to help guide vaccination decisions. We thank Kyung Min Song, Amanda Debes

and Lauren Oldija for Resminostat their support with interviews and analysis. We also thank Leslie Montejano, Nianwen Shi, and Elnara Eynullayeva for translation assistance and Orin Levine for his guidance on the project. “
“Impending new vaccine introductions (NVIs) are prompting many low and middle income countries to examine whether their vaccine supply chains (i.e., the series of steps and components required to get vaccines from the national storage location to the population) are currently getting vaccines to their populations in a timely manner and can handle the added volume of new vaccines. In 2012, the Republic of Benin’s Ministry of Health (MOH) was interested in determining how they could improve their vaccine supply chain. A December 2008 external review of Benin’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) found high maternal and infant mortality (397/100,000; 67/1000, respectively) [1] and that at least 15% of children are not currently receiving the complete set of recommended vaccinations, as measured by estimated DTP (diphtheria tetanus pertussis) third dose coverage [2].

These findings verify that the coculture model system was functional and particles that were applied apically (on top of the filter membrane) and able to diffuse through the collagen-1 coated filter membrane and reach the endothelial monolayer. Under coculture SAR405838 mouse conditions with H441 on the upper-side of the filter membrane and apical exposure of NPs, no uptake could be observed in ISO-HAS-1 for both NPs (Fig. 7, right column), although a detectable uptake was seen after 48 h exposure on the apical side of the filter membrane. The barrier properties were also evaluated following the apical (H441) exposure to Sicastar Red and AmOrSil. TER (Fig. 8A) was measured after exposure to Sicastar Red

(60–300 μg/ml) for 4 h and 4 h/20 h (4 h exposure and 20 h further MAPK inhibitor cultivation in fresh serum-containing medium). Very high concentrations (300 μg/ml) resulted in a dramatic decrease of TER after 4 h (11.5 ± 6.6% of t0) and remained significant reduced during the 20 h recovery period (24 ± 21% of t0). Furthermore, TER was also checked for the permanent incubation for 48 h to Sicastar Red (60 μg/ml) and AmOrSil (300 μg/ml). No significant alterations to the TER occurred during the 48 h exposure compared to the untreated control, which demonstrated that a functional barrier was present during coculture transport experiments. The untreated control showed reduced TER values

after 24 h (91 ± 8% of t0), and these further decreased after 48 h (76 ± 11% of t0). But, even with the reduction Ergoloid of TER, a functional barrier could be maintained after 48 h with 390 ± 83 Ω cm2. IL-8 and sICAM released from cells was determined after Sicastar Red exposure for 4 h/20 h (60–300 μg/ml). As control groups, transwell-monocultures (H441, seeded on the top and ISO-HAS-1 seeded on the bottom side of the

filter membrane) were evaluated along with the coculture under the same culture conditions with Sicastar Red applied apically (on the H441 side). A concentration of 300 μg/ml in the CC resulted in a dramatic IL-8 release into the upper compartment (27 ± 9-fold of untreated control uc) but not into the lower compartment, which was on the contrary observed for the H441 transwell-monoculture without ISO-HAS-1 in the lower chamber (4 ± 1.2-fold of uc). However, a significant increase of sICAM (1.76 ± 0.4% of uc) could be detected in the lower compartment of the CC (ISO-HAS-1 side) after exposure to 300 μg/ml Sicastar Red. The monoculture with ISO-HAS-1 showed higher levels of sICAM (60 μg/ml: 2.25 ± 1.3%, 100 μg/ml: 2.3 ± 0.6%, 300 μg/ml: 3.3 ± 1.1% of uc) in the apical (upper) compartment (the stimulated side and basolateral side of the ISO-HAS-1). A concentration of 60 μg/ml Sicastar Red did not cause an IL-8 elevation after 4 h/20 h but after 48 h continuous exposure (7.5 ± 3.5% of uc).

CLASS is a large, cross-sectional, provincial study that has investigated the relationship between nutrition, physical activity, mental health and school performance of grade 5 students in Nova Scotia across two time this website points (2003 and 2011).

The vast majority of the grade 5 student population in Nova Scotia attends public schools; all public schools were invited to participate in both data collection cycles. In 2003, 282 of 291 schools (96.9%) agreed to participate and 5517 parents provided their consent, resulting in an average response rate of 51.1% per school. The 2011 cycle of data collection provides a comparable sample with 269 of 286 schools (94.1%) and informed consent from 5913 parents. The higher response rate in 2011 (67.7%) may be reflective of the support we received from school jurisdictions and stakeholders

interested in the CLASS research. On each occasion, trained research assistants visited the schools to administer the surveys to students and to complete anthropometric measurements. Standing height was measured to the nearest www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html 0.1 cm after students had removed their shoes and body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg on calibrated digital scales. The surveys were similar in both cycles (some items were slightly modified or added in 2011) and included the Harvard Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire (YAQ) adapted for Canadian settings (used in both 2003 and 2011) to gather information on usual dietary intake and habits pertaining to

mealtime behaviors (Rockett et al., 1995). The survey for students included mostly validated questions on physical and sedentary activities, mental health, self-efficacy and body image, and measurements of height and weight. Parents also completed a of survey to collect information on socio-demographic factors and the home environment. Principals completed surveys that provided information on school characteristics and implementation of school policies. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Boards at the University of Alberta and Dalhousie University. Permission for data collection was also granted from participating school boards. Student’s diet quality, nutrient intake, and caloric intake were assessed using the YAQ and Canadian Nutrient File (Health Canada, 2007). Overall diet quality was measured using the Diet Quality Index — International (DQI) score, a composite measure of diet quality ranging from 0 to 100 that includes aspects of diet adequacy, variety, balance and moderation (Kim et al., 2003). Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) were defined as consumption of non-diet soda, fruit drinks and sweetened iced tea drinks, based on the YAQ. Nutrient intakes were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) (Institute of Medicine, 2011) where intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat were compared with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

The granules were passed through #16. These granules were lubricated with magnesium stearate and talc and compressed into tablet on low compression force on 10 station

punching machine using 8 mm punches. Table 1. Composition of cefdinir floating BIBW2992 ic50 layer of bilayer tablet. The in vitro buoyancy behavior was characterized by floating lag time and total floating time (n = 6). The test was performed using USP 23 dissolution apparatus II was 900 ml of 0.1 N HCl at paddle speed 75 rpm at 37 °C ± 0.5 °C. The time required for the tablet to rise to the surface of the dissolution medium and the duration of time the tablet constantly floated on the dissolution medium were noted as floating lag time and total buoyancy time, respectively.

14 and 15 The dimensional stability and in vitro dissolution of the formulations was studied using USP 23 dissolution Apparatus II for the period of 24 h. The dissolution medium was 900 ml of 0.1 N HCL (1.2 pH). The temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5 °C at 50 rpm. The dimensional stability of cefdinir formulations were observed visually16 and in dissolution studies10 ml of aliquot were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals of each and every hour. The medium was replaced with 10 ml of fresh 0.1 N HCl each time. Sample was analyzed by using UV spectrophotometry at 276 nm. The dissolution profile of all the batches was fitted to zero order, first order,17 and 18 Higuchi,19, 20 and 21 Hixon and Crowell22 and Korsmeyer and Peppas11, 23, 24 and 25 using R-analysis. FTIR spectra of drug, placebo tablet (with all excipients except drug) and optimized CBT were selleck chemicals obtained on a JASCO FTIR 5300, Japan. Samples were prepared by mixing with KBr and placing in the sample holder. The samples were scanned from 4000 to 500 cm−1. Stability studies were performed according to ICH and WHO guidelines. Optimized CBT formulations were strip packed in laboratory in aluminum foil with polyethylene lamination and various replicates

Mephenoxalone were kept in the humidity chamber maintained at 45 °C and 75% RH and 37 °C for 3 months. At the end of studies, samples were analyzed for the drug content, in vitro dissolution, floating behavior and dimensional stability.26, 27 and 28 Cefdinir oral bioavailability has been reported to be 20–30% perhaps because of the poor absorption in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract. Gastroretentive drug delivery is one approach; in it, the GI residence time is prolonged because of the floating behavior of CBT were formulated for the immediate and sustained release action of dosage form. First, the matrix layer or floating layer was prepared and evaluated on the basis of floating behavior studies. It contains the effervescent mixture and different matrix forming polymers to retain the carbon dioxide produced from the effervescent mixture. Then the loading layer was developed on the basis of effervescent release of loading dose.

247. Based on the data, the cut-off was determined as 0.295 by ROC curve analysis, providing the best balance of sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.4%). Evaluated by the cut-off, all 54 serum samples from FMDV infection cattle and all 20 serum samples from naive cattle were FMDV NSP antibody positive

and negative, respectively, whereas 131 out of 137 serum samples from vaccinated cattle were FMDV NSP antibody negative. To validate the performance of r3aB-ELISA, 118 serum samples derived from vaccinated cattle, 46 serum samples derived from infected cattle and 20 serum samples from naive cattle were tested by r3aB-ELISA and two commercial kits including UBI® NSP ELISA and Ceditest® FMDV-NS ELISA. As shown in Table 2, FMDV NSP antibodies were all negative in 20 serum samples from naive cattle, determined by three Raf inhibitor ELISA systems. 46 serum samples from infected cattle were positive for FMDV NSP antibodies tested by r3aB-ELISA. However, 1 and 2 samples in 46 sera of infected cattle were negative for FMDV NSP antibodies tested by UBI® NSP ELISA and Ceditest® FMDV-NS

ELISA, respectively. 5, 8 and 4 samples in 118 sera of vaccinated cattle were positive for FMDV NSP antibodies determined by r3aB-ELISA, UBI® NSP ELISA this website and Ceditest® FMDV-NS ELISA, respectively. Accordingly, the specificity [(positive sera + negative sera)/total tested sera × 100%] of the r3aB-ELISA, UBI® NSP ELISA and Ceditest® FMDV-NS ELISA were 97.3% (179/184), 95.1% (175/184) and 96.7% (178/184), respectively. When r3aB-ELISA was compared out with UBI® FMDV-NS ELISA and Ceditest® NSP ELISA, the coincident rate was 97.8% (180/184) and 96.7% (178/184), respectively. In this study, a recombinant truncated FMDV non-structural protein 3AB (r3aB) was used to establish an indirect ELISA for distinguishing antibodies induced by FMDV infection from those induced by vaccination in cattle. FMD is the most important viral infectious disease of livestock and locally outbreaks endlessly worldwide because of some “carriers” with a long asymptomatic infection companying persistent virus replication and release

even though vaccination strategy has been adopted. To distinguish natural infection of FMDV from vaccination in animals is still necessary for early warning of FMD outbreak and medical inspection in export and import of livestock and their flesh products. Previously, recombinant 3AB (r3AB) was used to catch the antibodies from the sera of FMDV infected animals not the antibodies in the sera of the animals vaccinated by either inactivated FMDV vaccine or peptide vaccine. The r3AB displayed a good antigenicity when recognized by its antibodies but expressed in inclusion body in E. coli and appeared in monomers and dimers during purification. Upon analyzing the structural properties of 3AB using Hopp and Woods prediction method [20], we found that the 3AB was less hydrophilic at its N-terminals.

People were eager to learn about the HPV vaccine. Religious leaders reported that this was the first time that staff from a health programme had come to discuss a health intervention with them, and that they would discuss cervical cancer and HPV vaccination with their congregations. Limitations of the qualitative sub-study included the fairly small purposive samples and the fact that, in schools, a teacher selected the parent, student and teacher participants for GDs who might have been the most accepting of new health interventions.

However, the interviewer then selected IDI see more participants from the groups. These included several teachers who opposed vaccination, parents who asked critical questions, and female students who stated they would defy parental wishes in terms of accepting vaccine. In USA, beliefs about the safety of vaccines, likelihood

of HPV infection, as well as doctor’s recommendations, have been associated with increased HPV vaccine acceptability [39], [40] and [41]. In Mwanza, anti-fertility rumours, experience of previous school-based health interventions for girls, and lack of knowledge about cervical cancer in targeted communities, including amongst health workers, buy Talazoparib could be a potential challenge to vaccine uptake. It will therefore be essential that correct information about HPV vaccination is provided to parents, pupils, community members and key personnel (teachers, health workers) to help prevent the emergence and/or spread of rumours before and during HPV vaccination programmes. In light of the recent price reduction of the Gardasil® vaccine for low-income countries [42], many African governments may now consider

adding the HPV vaccine to their national programs. Our research identified key issues related to vaccine acceptability and allowed adaptation of communication materials for the subsequent HPV vaccination Thymidine kinase demonstration project in Mwanza. Our findings also informed health worker training on issues related to obtaining parental agreement to vaccinate daughters, and rumour management. For a successful national programme on cervical cancer prevention, health workers should acquire additional training on the disease and prevention strategies. Adequate sensitisation, through school and/or community meetings and mass media, of all relevant populations, including parents, students, teachers, community and religious leaders will be essential for the success of a national HPV vaccination campaign in Tanzania.

Protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA) were added to RIPA buffer selleck chemicals at 1:100 for a final concentration of 0.1%. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA colorimetric method against

known concentrations of BSA (Pierce, Rockford, IL). For SDS-PAGE, lysates were made 2 mg/ml with laemmli reducing sample buffer, heated at 95 °C for 5 min, centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 1 min and left on the bench to come to room temperature. Protein standards (BioRad, Hercules, CA) were loaded next to each 40 μg of lysate and resolved on NuPAGE 4–12% Bis/Tris gels (Invitrogen). Gels were equilibrated for 30 min and proteins were then transferred to nitrocellulose (Amersham, Uppsala, Sweden) at 5 V constant voltage overnight in Towbins Transfer Buffer using semi-dry transfer (BioRad). The membranes were blocked in 5% NFDM/TTBS at room temperature SCH772984 for 1 h with constant rocking. Membranes were then cut down into eight identical blots each with a molecular weight standard (BioRad) run adjacent to 40 μg of lysate. Each membrane was incubated at room temperature for 1 h in normal, pre- or post-vaccination sera diluted 1:1000 in 5% NFDM/TTBS. Membranes were washed six times for 10 min each in TTBS. Membranes were then incubated at room temperature for 1 h in rabbit anti-canine IgG HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch,

West Grove, PA) at 1:50,000 in 5% NFDM/TTBS and washed as described above. Immunoreactive bands were then detected using ECL Western Blotting Detection System (Amersham) by exposing membranes to HyBlot CL autoradiography film (Denville Scientific, Metuchen, NJ). Sections were cut at 5 μm using a microtome, mounted onto CapGap slides, and rehydrated according to standard protocols. Mounted slides were pretreated with a citrate buffer, 6.0 pH, in a Black & Decker (Hampstead, MD) steamer for 30 min, with a 10 min Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase cool down. Standard 2D immunostaining procedures using peroxidase-labeled streptavidin and DAB chromagen on an automated TechMate 500 capillary gap immunostainer

(Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ) were used. Hematoxylin counterstaining was used to provide cytological detail. Rabbit anti-bovine GFAP antibody was used at a 1:20,000 dilution (Dako, Carpenteria, CA). The tumor was negative for neuronal markers (NeuN and synaptophysin). Two M.D. neuropathologists and 5 veterinary pathologists concurred that the neoplasm was a diffuse astrocytoma, gemistocytic subtype (WHO grade II) based on the histological and immunohistochemistry results. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NIH/NINDS)NIH IR21-NS055738 (JRO), American Cancer SocietyRSG-09-189-01-LIB (JRO), Randy Shaver Cancer Research and Community Fund (JRO), Children’s Cancer Research fund (JRO and GEP).

The introduction of pertussis vaccines greatly decreased the incidence of pertussis disease and mortality [1]. buy Bioactive Compound Library There are two types of available pertussis vaccines, whole-cell (Pw) and acellular (Pa). The first dose of the vaccine is given at the age of 2–3 months [2], [3] and [4]. Infants

below four months are thus not optimally protected and are at risk for severe and fatal pertussis [5]. Improving the current immunization scheme so that young infants are offered protection is therefore important. A natural pertussis infection induces a type I T-helper (Th1) cell response, and clearing of the primary infection depends on interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production [6] and [7]. Mouse studies have shown a protective role for B cells as well MK1775 [8] and [9]. In children, Pw-vaccines are reported to induce a Th1-type profile like a natural infection, whereas Pa-vaccinated children are seen to induce a more Th1/Th2-mixed type of response [10] and [11]. Mielcarek et al. have developed a live attenuated B. pertussis vaccine strain named BPZE1 [12] with the long-term aim to administer it to infants at birth. This vaccine strain is attenuated by genetic removal of the dermonecrotic toxin and the tracheal cytotoxin as well as detoxification of the pertussis toxin (PT). These alterations have not affected the immunogenic properties [12], and the strain has been

shown to be genetically stable after both continuous in vitro and in vivo passages over at least one year [13]. It can colonize the respiratory tract and induce long-lasting memory B-cell responses, as well as T-cell mediated protective immunity against challenge in mice [12], [14] and [15]. A recent randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating phase I clinical trial has shown that BPZE1 is safe in humans, able to transiently colonize the human nasopharynx

and to induce antibody responses [16]. Here, we have evaluated B-cell responses after vaccination with BPZE1. Plasma blast- and memory B-cell responses were detected by ELISpot, and B-cell subsets were second identified by flow cytometry. The study was conducted according to the protocol ICH Good Clinical Practices standards, Declaration of Helsinki and applicable regulatory requirements as well as any related European and Swedish applicable laws and regulations. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01188512) and approved by the Swedish Medical Product Agency and the regional ethical review board in Stockholm. All volunteers signed an informed consent form after receiving oral and written information in Swedish. The clinical BPZE1 lots were produced by Innogenetics (Ghent, Belgium) as a suspension in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% saccharose. Three doses of BPZE1 were tested, 103 colony forming units (cfu), 105 cfu and 107 cfu, as described earlier [16].

All but one of the participants were right hand dominant and the dominant shoulder was studied in all cases. All participants PLX3397 completed all 12 conditions. The raw electromyographic signals were examined visually and only 0.5% (representing 20 trials out of a total of 3960) of the data was discarded from further analysis due to technical issues, such as signal failure which occurred randomly

across trials during the experiment. In order to illustrate the maximum contribution of each of the shoulder muscles during adduction, the mean (SD) activation level measured during isometric adduction at 100% load was expressed as a percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction for each muscle. These data are shown in Figure 2 for angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° shoulder abduction. There was a significant difference in the mean activation levels between muscles across all loads and angles (F10,140 = 15.5, p < 0.01). The mean activity levels during adduction at all loads in teres major, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboid major were similar (all pairwise comparisons p > 0.27) and significantly higher than the mean activity levels of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, lower and upper trapezius, and middle

deltoid (all pairwise comparisons p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in activation levels within this group of lower activated muscles (all pairwise comparisons p ≥0.6). The mean muscle activation levels for all muscle sites examined at each load level Y-27632 in vivo during isometric adduction performed at 30°, 60°, and 90° shoulder abduction are illustrated in Figure 3. For the muscles activated above minimum levels (> 10% of maximum voluntary contraction) mean activation levels differed significantly between loads (F3,42 = 72.0, p < 0.01) which post hoc

testing revealed to be a systematic increase with load (p Metalloexopeptidase < 0.01). There was a significant angle effect (F2,28 = 5.1, p = 0.01), with greater levels of activation at 30° than at 90° abduction (p < 0.01). There was a significant interaction in the activation pattern of muscles at different angles (F20,280 = 3.2, p < 0.01). Post hoc testing revealed greater activation in latissimus dorsi and teres major at 30° compared to 90° abduction (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences across different angles of shoulder abduction in the electromyographic activation levels in any other muscles (all pairwise comparisons p > 0.89). There was also a significant interaction between muscles, angles and loads (F60,840 = 1.4, p = 0.04). However, when the muscles that were activated to less than 10% of their maximum voluntary contraction (ie, supraspinatus, pectoralis major, upper trapezius, deltoid) were removed from the analysis there was no significant difference in the activation pattern of the remaining muscles (F36,504 = 1.2, p = 0.16) indicating similar activation patterns in the active muscles.