pertussis involvement, and thus, from the degree of airway damage. When damage has developed for weeks and the symptoms are non-specific, inflammatory disorders like asthma are merely suspected than acute infections. Treatment with macrolides prevents the spread of B. pertussis within the families, though research data on this is also scanty, old and based on trials with erythromycin only. 16 and 17 Whooping cough is – one-hundred years after the identification

of the causative bacteria, Etoposide solubility dmso seventy years after the start of the vaccination of infants using whole cell vaccine, and twenty-five years after the extension of vaccinations to all children using acellular vaccine – still a challenge. The acellular pertussis vaccine may be less effective than the whole-cell vaccine, and the universal UMI-77 nmr use of pertussis vaccines has evidently led to genetic changes in the circulating B. pertussis strains. 18 Therefore, the circulating strains and available vaccines need continuous evaluation and development. The cornerstones of the work against whooping cough are effective vaccines and extensive vaccination programs with high coverage rates. In the future, booster vaccinations through the whole life should be considered,

not only to prevent disease in adults but also to prevent the disease transmission from adults to infants. 19 Clinical and epidemiological studies, as well as clinical drug trials, are needed to optimize the diagnostics and treatment. The author declares no conflicts of interest. “
“Acute

respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is clinically a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, Selleck Palbociclib especially for pediatric intensivists, as there are few studies performed in children and there are reasons to believe the disease is different in adults and children. It is known that ARDS in response to a viral infection is much more common in children than in adults,1 and, histopathologically, there are three distinct patterns of lung injury: bronchiolitis, acute interstitial pneumonia, and classic diffuse alveolar damage,2 which may have different clinical outcomes. However, the diagnostic criteria established in consensuses that addressed the definitions of ARDS in adults have been used in pediatrics. Initially described as “acute respiratory disorder in adults”,3 the disease subsequently became known as ARDS because it affected adults and children alike.4 It is noteworthy that the first publication described 12 patients, one of whom was 11 years old. It is still controversial whether the data obtained from studies in adults can be fully used in studies performed in children. Certainly, the transfer of knowledge depends on each patient, etiology of pulmonary disease, presence of comorbidities, and age and weight of patients.5 ARDS is a form of acute respiratory failure that may be caused by different pulmonary and extrapulmonary conditions.