Participants from both groups had the tape reapplied twice per week for four weeks, making a total of eight applications. They were instructed not to change any medication prescribed by their physician and not to seek other treatment for their low back pain during the course of the study. Regular physical activities were allowed, which were also monitored during the treatment sessions. Four outcomes were measured: the intensity of pain, which was determined by a numerical rating scale; disability associated with back pain, which was Epigenetic pathway inhibitors assessed

by completion of the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire21; global impression of recovery, which was evaluated by a Global Perceived Modulators Effect scale22 and adverse events. The numerical rating scale, the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Global Perceived Effect scale were professionally translated, cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese, and tested for their measurement properties for people with low back pain in Brazil.23, 24 and 25 The primary outcomes were pain intensity

and disability associated with low back pain, which were measured immediately after treatments (four weeks). The secondary outcomes were pain intensity and disability associated with GSK1120212 solubility dmso low back pain, which were measured 12 weeks after randomisation, and global impression of recovery, which was measured immediately after treatments (four weeks) and 12 weeks after randomisation. The numerical rating scale for pain26 evaluates the perceived intensity of pain, using an 11-point scale from 0, representing ‘no pain’, to 10, which is the ‘worst possible pain’. Participants were asked to report the level of pain intensity based on the previous seven days. The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire21 is used to assess disability associated with back pain. It consists of 24 items, which

describe common activities that people have difficulty performing due to back pain. The greater the number of activities checked, the greater the level of disability. Participants were asked to fill in the items that applied whatever on the day the questionnaire was completed. The Global Perceived Effect Scale22 is an 11-point scale ranging from -5, representing ‘much worse’, to +5, which is ‘completely recovered’, with 0 representing ‘no change’. For all measures of global perceived effect (at baseline and at all follow ups), participants were asked, ‘Compared with the beginning of the first episode, how would you describe your lower back today?’ This scale has good measurement properties.22 and 27 Any type of adverse effects, such as allergic reactions or skin problems, were also recorded by asking the participants if they had felt any itching or irritation on the skin where the tape was applied. The study was designed to detect a between-group difference of 1 point in pain intensity measured by the numerical rating scale, with an estimated standard deviation of 1.