With diminution of sensory inputs from the oral mucosa, central inputs would play a dominant role in initiating swallowing voluntarily, and SI would be prolonged. With weak stimulation (infusion of 0.3 M NaCl into the PR or infusion of water into the PT), SI H 89 supplier was prolonged and inter-individual variation in SI was pronounced, suggesting that the ability of the central regulation of swallowing to perform repetitive voluntary swallowing varies among subjects. With stimulation of water
receptors or salt taste receptors, SI was shortened and inter-individual variation in SI was moderate, suggesting that sensory inputs are important for performing voluntary swallowing smoothly and that the sensory inputs compensate for the difficulty in performing swallowing caused by the central mechanism. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background As efforts to control malaria are expanded across the world, understanding the role of transmission intensity in determining the burden of clinical malaria is crucial to the prediction and measurement
of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce transmission. Furthermore, studies comparing several endemic sites led to speculation that as transmission decreases morbidity and mortality caused by severe malaria might increase. We aimed to assess the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Kilifi, Kenya, during a period of decreasing transmission intensity.
Methods We analyse 18 years (1990-2007) of surveillance data www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html from a paediatric ward in a malaria-endemic region of Kenya. The hospital has a catchment area of 250000 people. Clinical data and blood-film results for more than 61000 admissions are reported.
Findings Hospital admissions for malaria decreased from 18-43 per 1000 children in 2003 to 3.42 in 2007. Over 18 years of surveillance, the incidence of cerebral malaria initially increased; however, malaria mortality decreased overall because of a decrease in incidence of www.selleck.cn/products/byl719.html severe malarial
anaemia since 1997 (4.75 to 0.37 per 1000 children) and improved survival among children admitted with non-severe malaria. Parasite prevalence, the mean age of children admitted with malaria, and the proportion of children with cerebral malaria began to change 10 years before hospitalisation for malaria started to fall.
Interpretation Sustained reduction in exposure to infection leads to changes in mean age and presentation of disease similar to those described in multisite studies. Changes in transmission might not lead to immediate reductions incidence of clinical disease. However, longitudinal data do not indicate that reductions in transmission intensity lead to transient increases in morbidity and mortality.
Funding Wellcome Trust, Kenya Medical Research Institute.