Their importance lies in the high misdiagnosis as either squamous cell carcinomas or carcinosarcomas with several case reports in the literature where the benign diagnosis was made only in oesophagectomy specimens. Resection has been advocated in cases where patients are symptomatic, however in view of some cases of spontaneous resolution, unless Birinapant cell line easily removed by endoscopic resection techniques, we would advocate an initial period of observation. Contributed by “
“Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning problem

in developed countries and affects up to one-third of the population.1 NAFLD is considered to be a component of the metabolic syndrome; obesity is the primary risk factor, and weight loss and treatment of associated conditions (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, among others) are the only recommended therapies.2 Several recent studies in animal models and in humans have suggested that ezetimibe, a cholesterol-lowering agent that acts by inhibiting cholesterol absorption, may be an effective therapy for NAFLD.3-5 The most striking and consistent finding of these small, primarily open-label studies is a significant reduction in hepatic triglyceride content. Why inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption should impact hepatic triglyceride metabolism is unclear. Ezetimibe acts by inhibiting Nieman Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1).6 Genetic

deletion of NPC1L1 in mice decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis. selleck products Therefore, ezetimibe may attenuate hepatic steatosis by limiting the synthesis of fatty acids in liver.7 DNA sequencing revealed that nonsynonymous (NS) sequence Ibrutinib cell line variants in NPC1L1 that confer a reduced capacity for intestinal cholesterol absorption are collectively common in the population,

particularly among blacks.8, 9 Individuals who were heterozygous for one of the sequence variations in NPC1L1 had evidence of reduced sterol absoption and a 9% reduction in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Inasmuch as these subjects represent a life-long genetic knockdown of NPC1L1 activity, we sought to determine if they were protected from hepatic triglyceride accumulation relative to individuals with wild-type NPC1L1. The study was conducted in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS), a multiethnic population-based probability sample of Dallas County (Texas) weighted to include 50% black and 50% nonblack individuals (1043 whites, 1832 blacks, and 601 hispanics).1 Each participant completed a 60-minute structured questionnaire that provided detailed data regarding demographics, medication use, and ethanol intake. No participant used ezetimibe. The sequencing of DNA and assays for sequence variation in NPC1L1 were previously described8 as were the methods used to determine hepatic triglyceride content.10 The study was approved by the institutional review board (UT Southwestern), and all subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation.