The number of accurate shots and the time required to perform these shots was recorded. Cognitive function A modified version of the original Serial Sevens Test was employed to analyze cognitive function [24]. The test consisted Smad inhibitor of a two-minute timed written test in which participants were required to subtract the number 7 from a randomly generated four digit number, in order to measure how

quickly and accurately they can compute a simple mathematical problem. The four digit number appeared on the top of the first column of a three column sheet of paper. Participants were provided the sheet of paper and asked to complete as many calculations as possible in the two-minute period. Participant and timer/scorer Everolimus sat opposite each other during testing. The answers to the calculations were written underneath the initial number. Regardless of answer provided, participants were then required to subtract the number 7 from that new number. Participants were not told if their answer was correct or not. The number of correct answers was

recorded. Intraclass correlations for this assessment has been determined in our laboratory to be R < 0.81 [25]. Supplement schedule The β-alanine supplement (CarnoSyn™) was obtained from Natural Alternatives International (San Marcos, CA, USA). Both the supplement and placebo were in tablet form and were similar in appearance. Participants in the supplement group were provided with 2 tablets of sustained-release β-alanine at Pregnenolone a dose of (2 g per serving) three times per day (total β-alanine intake was 6 g per day) and subjects in the placebo group were provided with an equivalent amount of rice powder. Participants were instructed to consume the supplement following their meals with water. Each participant was provided with a bottle containing a week’s supply of tablets. All bottles were returned at the end of the week. All tablets left in the bottle were counted, recorded, and the

next week’s bottle was provided to the participant. Supplementation occurred every day over a 28-day period. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 [treatment (BA, PL) × time (pretest, posttest)] mixed factorial ANOVA. Differences in the mean posttest performance values were determined by using analysis of covariance, with pretest values serving as the covariate. One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized to analyze differences between treatment groups. For effect size (ES), the partial eta squared statistic was reported and according to Green and colleagues [26] 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14 represents small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Data were analyzed using SPSS v20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results Compliance for consuming the supplement or placebo was 97%.