The main oxidases for the culture conditions we used (LB broth, 37°C, aerobic growth) include cytochrome bo oxidase, cytochrome bd I and II oxidases [18]. To determine if and which oxidase or oxidases contribute to the ATP detected in the culture supernatant, we obtained a panel of mutants that each contained a deletion mutation in one of the subunits encoding the terminal oxidases [19] [Coli Genetic Stock Center, Yale University]. The growth properties and ATP levels in the culture

supernatant from each mutant were determined (Table 3). All strains of terminal oxidase mutants grew normally under the assay condition, and the only exception was the cytochrome bd-I oxidase mutant ∆cydB that displayed a growth delay in the log phase (Table 4 selleck kinase inhibitor and data not selleck inhibitor shown). The peak extracellular ATP level of the ∆cydB mutant at 6 hours of incubation was very low at 1.3 ± 2.2% of that of the see more parental strain. However; because of the growth defect of the ∆cydB mutant it was not possible to distinguish if the decreased ATP level was caused directly by the lack of the cytochrome bd I oxidase activity or indirectly by the slow growth of the ∆cydB mutant. Therefore the ∆cydB mutant was not analyzed further. In contrast to the cytochrome bd-I oxidase mutant ∆cydB, all mutants of the cytochrome bo oxidase and the cytochrome bd II oxidase grew normally (data not shown). The peak extracellular ATP levels

in mutants lacking one of the subunits of cytochrome bo oxidase (∆cyoA, ∆cyoC and ∆cyoD mutants) ranged from 26.1% to 36.6% of that of the wild type level (p < 0.05, Student’s t-test). The peak ATP level from the mutant lacking cytochrome bd II oxidase (∆appC) was 94.8 ± 2.5% of that of the parental strain; the difference is small but is statistically significant (p < 0.05, Student’s t-test) (Table 4). Table 4 Peak ATP levels

Loperamide in culture supernatant of terminal oxidase mutants of E. coli Enzyme Mutant Growth property % of the WT level p, student’s t-test Cytochrome bd-I oxidase ∆cydB Defective 1.3 ± 2.2 < 0.05 Cytochrome bd-II oxidase ∆appC Normal 95.0 ± 2.5 < 0.05 Cytochrome bo oxidase ∆cyoA Normal 25.0 ± 3.7 < 0.05   ∆cyoC Normal 36.6 ± 1.5 < 0.05   ∆cyoD Normal 26.1 ± 5.4 < 0.05 Results are the average of three assays with standard deviations. The cytochrome bo oxidase mutants of E. coli were analyzed further to characterize the extracellular ATP levels during growth. While the extracellular ATP levels in the ∆cyo mutants displayed time courses similar to that of the parental strain, the peak levels were significantly lower than that observed in the parental strain (Figure 4A). These results suggest that cytochrome bo oxidase contributes to the extracellular ATP even though it had no significant influence on the growth of E. coli under the conditions used for the assay (LB broth, 37°C, with shaking).