The intersectional areas shown in these images were the areas of the fabricated surfaces. Figure 1 Schematic of the nanobundles

machining process. (a) Schematic Epoxomicin in vivo diagram showing the AFM scratching parameters and (b) the diamond tip, (c) zigzag trace of the AFM tip, and (d) (e) (f) a two-step method involving two consecutive tip scans with different scratching angles. Results and discussion Effect of scratching angle on ripple formation Scratching angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° were used to scratch PC surfaces with zigzag traces of the AFM tip. The machined structures and corresponding cross-sections are shown in Figure 2, with a scanning area of 15 μm × 15 μm, scan rate of 1 Hz, feed of 20 nm, and normal load of several micronewtons. The scratching BLZ945 datasheet velocity is 30 μm/s. Typical

ripple patterns perpendicular to the scratching direction are formed on the PC surface for each scratching angle. Analysis of the section revealed that the ripple patterns are similar to sine-wave structures with a period of several hundred nanometers. In addition, some removed materials are all accumulated at the edge of the scanned area in the feeding direction for the three scratching angles. The reason for the accumulated materials may be due to the small quality of the removed materials piled up on the borders during the successive scanning. Based on the above experimental results, it can be obtained that the different oriented ripples can be easily machined by modulating the scratching angle of the tip. Figure 2 The morphologies and cross-sections of the ripples.

The corresponding scratching angles are 0° (a) (b), 45° (c) (d), and 90° (e) (f). Effect AC220 order of the machining parameters on the ripple formation To obtain the machining parameters for ripple formation, feeds from 20 nm to 50 nm at 10-nm increments were investigated under different scratching angles by modulating the normal load. The obtained relationships between scratching parameters and ripple pattern formation are presented in Figure 3a. When the RVX-208 feed is 20 nm, the normal load for ripple formation ranges from 6.4 to 11.3 μN for scratching angle 0°, ranges from 5.2 to 9.1 μN for scratching angle 45°, and ranges from 1.5 to 2.4 μN for scratching angle 90°. When the feed is 50 nm, the normal load for ripple formation ranges from 16.4 to 32.8 μN for scratching angle 0°, ranges from 17 to 25.2 μN for scratching angle 45°, and ranges from 13.7 to 22 μN for scratching angle 90°. By analyzing the obtained results, it also can be found that the scratching direction has a considerable effect on the machining parameters for ripple formation. For the three scratching angles investigated, the value and range of the normal load all increased with feed. In contrast, the value of the normal load for ripple pattern formation under the three scratching angles are ranked as 0° > 45° > 90°. Figure 3 The relationship between the feed, normal load and the ripple formation.