The cells were collected and washed with RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma, St. Louis, USA). The cells concentrations were this website adjusted in RPMI and cultured in a CO2 incubator. The culture supernatants were recovered after 4 h and 24 h for TNFα and after 24 h to analyze the levels of IFNγ and IL-10 using ELISA technique. BD OptEIA

mouse cytokine ELISA sets from BD Bioscience (San Diego, USA) were used according manufacturer instructions. The results were expressed as concentration of each cytokine (pg/ml). Detection of cytokine producing cells isolated from Epacadostat Peyer’s patches Mononuclear cells were isolated from Peyer’s patches as described above. 20 μl of each cell suspension (1 × 106) was placed per well in special glass slides by triplicate. They were fixed 15 minutes with BD Pharmigen ICC Fixation Buffer. TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 were determined by immunocytochemistry following the technique described by

Dogi et al [40]. Briefly, the glass slides were incubated with a blocking solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA)/PBS, washed with PBS, and incubated with normal goat serum (Sigma, St. Louis, USA). The activity of the endogenous peroxidase was blocked with a peroxidase blocking reagent (Dako Cytomation, Inc., California, USA). The cells were then incubated with avidin and biotin blocking solutions (Avidin/biotin blocking kit, Vector laboratories, Inc., GDC-0994 mw Burlingame, USA) to block endogenous avidin and biotin. The cells were incubated with rat anti-mouse TNFα, IFNγ or IL-10 (diluted in ICC cytokine buffer, PharMingen, B-D Biosciences, Canada), washed with PBS, and incubated with goat anti-rat polyclonal antibody conjugated with peroxidase (PharMingen, B-D Biosciences, Canada). Vectastain Elite ABC solution

(Vector Labs, Burlingame, USA) was added to cells and incubated with a DAB kit (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, USA). The results were obtained from two individual blind counts per each sample (by two different investigators) and were expressed as number of positive cells counted per 2 × 104 cells at 1 000X magnification. Determination of cytokine producing cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit The small intestines were removed after 7 days of feeding (Lc and C groups), and 7 and 10 days post Salmonella challenge for all experimental groups, and processed following the technique described by Sainte-Marie for paraffin embedding [41]. Tissue sections (4 μm) from each mouse were used to analyze cytokine producing cells by an indirect immunofluorescence assay following the technique described previously [11]. The sections were incubated with a blocking solution of BSA/PBS, washed with PBS, and incubated with normal goat serum (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) to prevent non-specific staining. Rabbit anti-mouse TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, and IL-6 (Peprotech, Inc. Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) polyclonal antibodies (diluted in saponin-PBS) were applied to the tissue sections for 105 min at room temperature (RT, 21°C).