Subjects with COS who were treated with atypical neuroleptics

had even greater decreases in the globus pallidus and caudate volumes on rescan. The progressive changes in ventricular volumes and thalamic area correlated significantly with each other, and the increases in ventricular volume were significantly related to prepsychotic adjustment problems rated on the premorbid adjustments scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).86 A 2-year follow-up study of subjects with COS showed significant decreases in the volumes of the right temporal lobe, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, right anterior superior temporal gyrus, and left Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hippocampus compared with controls.87 The decline Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus volume was associated with high scores for positive symptoms. Of subjects with COS, 12.5% had enlarged cavum septi pellucidi consistent with a rate found in adult-onset schizophrenia.88 The researchers posited that dysgenesis of the hippocampus or the corpus callosum could lead to larger than normal cavum septi pellucidi. In a 2 year follow-up study of adolescents with COS, healthy controls showed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decrease in cortical gray matter

in the frontal and parietal regions, but patients with very earlyonset schizophrenia had a fourfold greater decrease in cortical gray matter volume, not only in the frontal and parietal areas, but also in the temporal lobe volume.89 The decreases in frontal and temporal gray matter are consistent with MRI findings in adult-onset schizophrenia. Using whole-brain voxel-based morphometric analyses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in both children and adolescents with COS, the volume of the posterior lateral ventricles was significantly increased rather than the anterior regions.90 In a controlled comparison Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of children with COS and children diagnosed with PNOS, the two groups were shown to have similar brain volumes.91 However, children with COS had a smaller midsagittal thalamic

area compared with controls and PNOS. Neither group showed a decrease in the volume of the temporal lobe. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) performed on subjects with COS showed significantly lower N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratios bilaterally in the hippocampal area and the Levetiracetam dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with normal controls, suggesting malfunction or neuronal damage.92 Findings of reduced N-acctylaspartate in the frontal areas were replicated.93 Elevated glutamate/glutamine levels in both frontal lobes and basal selleck chemicals ganglia were detected in 10 children with BPAD.94 These children also had elevated lipid levels in the frontal lobes, but not in the temporal areas.