Naive BM-Mϕ expressed low

levels of EP2 receptor, but stimulation by IFN-γ led to rapid up-regulation of EP2 by both WT and TNFR1−/− Mϕ, although this up-regulation was greater on WT cells (Fig. 6a). A similar up-regulation was observed when WT or TNFR1−/− Mϕ were activated by co-culture with OT-II T cells and cognate peptide (Fig. 6b). In contrast, OT-II T cells expressed little or no EP2 receptor either when naive or when activated Sorafenib supplier by cognate OVA peptide presented by either WT or TNFR1−/− Mϕ (Fig. 6c). Similar results were obtained for other EP receptors, EP1, EP3 and EP4 (data not shown). These data indicated that, unlike PGE2 (and NO) production, EP receptor up-regulation was independent of

TNF-α signalling and that PGE2 in this system most likely acts through effects on Mϕ. As EP receptor up-regulation was IFN-γ dependent, but TNFR1 independent (Fig. 6a), we reasoned that the up-regulation of these receptors might poise the Mϕ to receive an autocrine PGE2 signal the selleck compound induction of which was TNFR1 dependent. If this were the case, and if TNFR1 signalling was critical in maturing inhibitory Mϕ but not needed for their function, then treatment with a combination of IFN-γ and PGE2 should circumvent the lack of TNFR1 signalling in TNFR1−/− Mϕ. To test this TNFR1−/− BM-Mϕ were pre-incubated for 72 hr with a combination of PGE2 and IFN-γ separately or together. These treatments did not result in an up-regulation of Gr-1. Nevertheless, the use of the combination of reagents, but not either reagent alone, produced a TNFR1−/− Mϕ that could both RVX-208 inhibit T-cell proliferation (Fig. 7a) and produce NO (Fig. 7b). In this paper, we explore the role that TNFR1 signalling plays in inducing myeloid cells that can selectively limit T-cell growth. Cognate interactions between T cells and Mϕ that lack TNFR1 lead to activation

marker up-regulation, cytokine production and T-cell proliferation, whereas the interaction between the similar T cells and WT BM-Mϕ results in activation marker up-regulation and cytokine production, but not in T-cell division. We have shown that peptide presentation by WT or TNFR1−/− Mϕ to OT-II T cells is sufficient to induce IFN-γ, and that IFN-γ alone can stimulate the up-regulation of EP receptors on WT and TNFR1−/− Mϕ (Figs 6 and 8). This up-regulation is induced more efficiently in the presence of T cells and, furthermore, cell–cell interactions are required for the up-regulation of Gr-1, which accompanies the differentiation to a suppressive phenotype in vivo (Fig. 8). Interferon-γ also drives the production of low levels of TNF-α that are sufficient to stimulate BM-Mϕ to produce PGE2 and NO in an autocrine manner (Fig. 8).