Limitations include the lack of detailed characterization and limited quantification of the fibers in most studies. Associated

data gaps and research needs are also enumerated in this review.”
“There is immunohistochemical evidence for endothelin ( ET) receptors in satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia, but there is no information on the function of these receptors. We used calcium imaging to study this question in isolated mouse trigeminal ganglia and found that satellite glial cells are highly sensitive to ET-1, with threshold at 0.05 nM. Responses displayed strong desensitization at ET-1 concentrations of more than 1 nM. A large component of the response persisted when Ca(2+) was deleted from the external medium, consistent with Ca(2+) release from internal stores. The use of receptor Silmitasertib in vivo selective agents showed that the responses were mediated by ETB receptors. We conclude that satellite glial cells display H 89 research buy endothelin receptors, which may participate in neuron-glia communications in the trigeminal ganglia. NeuroReport 22:465-469 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Much

of our understanding regarding the mechanisms for induction of disease following inhalation of respirable elongated mineral particles (REMP) is based on studies involving the biological effects of asbestos fibers. The factors governing the disease potential of an exposure include duration and frequency

of exposures; tissue-specific dose over time; impacts on dose persistence from in vivo REMP dissolution, comminution, and clearance; individual susceptibility; and the mineral type and surface characteristics. The mechanisms Everolimus nmr associated with asbestos particle toxicity involve two facets for each particle’s contribution: (1) the physical features of the inhaled REMP, which include width, length, aspect ratio, and effective surface area available for cell contact; and (2) the surface chemical composition and reactivity of the individual fiber/elongated particle. Studies in cell-free systems and with cultured cells suggest an important way in which REMP from asbestos damage cellular molecules or influence cellular processes. This may involve an unfortunate combination of the ability of REMP to chemically generate potentially damaging reactive oxygen species, through surface iron, and the interaction of the unique surfaces with cell membranes to trigger membrane receptor activation. Together these events appear to lead to a cascade of cellular events, including the production of damaging reactive nitrogen species, which may contribute to the disease process. Thus, there is a need to be more cognizant of the potential impact that the total surface area of REMP contributes to the generation of events resulting in pathological changes in biological systems.