In immunocytochemical studies, double-labeled experiments using antibodies against Thy 1.1 and alpha a nAChR subunits demonstrated that both large and small RGCs contained alpha a nAChR subunits. The data presented in this study support the hypothesis that ACh and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists provide neuroprotection against this website glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in adult rat RGCs through activation of alpha 7 nAChR subunits. These studies lay the groundwork required for analyzing the effect of specific alpha 7 nAChR agonists using in vivo models of excitotoxicity. Understanding the type of ACh receptors involved
in neuroprotection in the rat retina could ultimately lead to therapeutic treatment for any CNS disease that involves excitotoxicity. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Emotion dysregulation is a hallmark feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and is associated with a dysfunction of prefrontal (PFC)-limbic systems The purpose of the present study was to examine PFC function in BPD during the experience and suppression of sadness. Subjects were females
with BPD (N = 9) and age-, gender-, and IQ-matched non-psychiatric comparison subjects (N = 8) Evoked hemodynamic oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was examined in PFC using functional near-Infrared spectroscopy while subjects viewed neutral or sad images and were PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 instructed to either maintain or suppress their emotional reactions No group differences in behavioral ratings of sadness suppression or mean levels of evoked oxy-Hb were observed BPD and control subjects, however, recruited homologous regions of lateral PFC during emotional suppression, with right lateral PFC activation for BPD subjects
associated with difficulty suppressing these sadness, whereas an inverse relationship was observed in left lateral PFC for healthy controls. Exploratory analyses revealed that the slope of the rise in oxy-Hb in medial PFC during transient sadness was positive and steep for healthy controls. Conversely. BPD subjects showed a negative and shallow slope, which was associated with severity of clinical symptoms These results suggest that BPD subjects may show abnormal evoked oxy-Hb in medial PFC during transient sadness, with recruitment of right lateral PFC in BPD associated with reported difficulty in suppressing emotion This abnormal cortical response, possibly in tandem with subcortical-limbic regions, may underlie symptoms of emotion dysregulation in BPD. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved”
“The parapyramidal (ppy) region targets primarily the intermediolateral cell column and is probably involved in breathing and thermoregulation. In the present study, we tested whether ppy serotonergic neurons respond to activation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors.