In contrast, the real-time RT-PCR assay revealed a more robust dose response of mature biofilms to immune effectors, with damage to mature biofilms ranging approximately between 10-45%, depending on the effector to target ratio (Figure 6B). Nevertheless, regardless of the assay, early biofilms exhibited significantly higher susceptibility to neutrophil-like cells than mature biofilms, consistent with a recent report [28]. Figure 6 Comparison

of the two assays in quantifying immune effector cell-mediated damage. Biofilms were seeded at 105 cells per 30 mm2 of well surface area 17-AAG research buy and were incubated for 3 h or 48 h. HL-60 cells were subsequently added at two E:T ratios (10:1, dark bars; 1:1, light bars). Early or mature biofilm changes were quantified with

the XTT (A) or qRT-PCR assays (B). % biofilm damage was calculated using changes NU7441 price in mean OD450 signals or mean EFB1 transcript copy numbers, in the presence or absence of effectors, as described in the text. Bars represent SD of triplicate HL-60 experiments. Student-t test p values are shown on the graph for each set of comparisons. We next compared the performance of the XTT and qRT-PCR assays in quantifying viability changes in mature biofilms grown on a three dimensional model of the human oral mucosa. In order to do this we measured the effects of three antifungal drugs with different mechanisms of PF-6463922 nmr action, as well as damage inflicted by human leukocytes to mucosal biofilms. SB-3CT As expected, the data showed that the XTT assay underestimates damage to mature biofilms in this system, when smaller levels of biofilm toxicity are measured, such as the ones obtained with fluconazole, caspofungin or leukocytes (Figure 7A). In contrast, the qRT-PCR assay revealed significant Candida toxicity

by all antifungal agents tested, which was consistent with the limited levels of Candida tissue invasion into the submucosal compartment in the presence of these agents (Figure 7B). Figure 7 Biofilm susceptibility testing on a three dimensional oral mucosal culture. Candida biofilms were grown for 24 h and subsequently exposed to antifungal drugs (4 μg/ml amphotericin B, 70 μg/ml fluconazole or 8 μg/ml caspofungin) or neutrophil-like HL-60 cells at an effector to target cell ratio of 10:1, for 24 additional hours. (A) The effects of antifungal agents on biofilms were quantitatively assessed by the XTT and qRT-PCR assays. Results represent the mean ± SD of one representative experiment where each condition was set up in triplicate. *p < 0.01 for comparison between XTT and qRT-PCR in each condition. (B) PAS stain of histologic sections showing the ability of the biofilm organisms to invade into the submucosal compartment after exposure to antifungal drugs or leukocytes. Black arrows: submucosal compartment. White arrows: epithelial layer.