HIF-1 level in the nucleus was analyzed using DNA binding

assay, and HIF-1 alpha level in the cytoplasm was measured by ELISA for a total of 36 epithelial ovarian tumors as follows: 5 serous adenocarcinomas (SEAs), 7 clear cell adenocarcinomas (CLAs), 7 endometrioid adenocarcinomas (ENAs), 4 mucinous adenocarcinomas (MUAs), 2 mucinous PX-478 manufacturer borderline tumors (MBTs), and 11 mucinous adenomas.

HIF-1 level (mg/ml) in the nucleus and HIF-1 alpha level (mg/ml) in the cytoplasm were on average 0.116 and 0.178 for SEAs, 0.328 and 0.306 for CLAs, 0.171 and 0.305 for ENAs, 0.097 and 0.176 for MUAs, 0.224 and 0.180 for mucinous borderline tumors, 0.152 and 0.154 for mucinous adenomas. CLAs showed the highest levels for both of HIF-1 and HIF-1 alpha, while MUAs showed the lowest levels of both. Mucinous adenomas were higher in HIF-1 than MUAs.

Hypoxic state was considered to be closely related to histological type of epithelial ovarian tumors, suggesting that CLAs may be most hypoxic. In the comparison of mucinous tumors, malignancies would not always become most hypoxic. Tumor size may not be strongly associated with hypoxic state.”
“Questions under study: To assess the diabetes-related knowledge

of medical Selleckchem PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 and nursing house staff with particular focus on inpatient diabetes management and insulin therapy.

Methods: In a cross-sectional design, diabetes-related knowledge among physicians, graduate nurses, medical students and student nurses of the departments of internal medicine, surgery and gynaecology was assessed using a 42-item multiple-choice questionnaire.

Results: Of 466 subjects approached 232 completed the

questionnaire. Knowledge was highest for physicians in internal medicine (total score 62 +/- 11%, mean +/- SD, max. 100%). Physicians in surgery and gynaecology had lower scores (48 +/- 14% and 47 +/- 12%, p <0.001 and p <0.05 respectively, compared with internal medicine), which were comparable to those of medical students (49 +/- 9%). Knowledge PLX-4720 MAPK inhibitor of attending physicians and residents did not differ within the three specialities. Nurses in internal medicine and surgery had the same level of knowledge (total score 41 +/- 11% each), which was comparable to that of student nurses (40 +/- 9%). Nurses in gynaecology had lower total scores (30 +/- 10%, p <0.001 compared with nurses in medicine and surgery respectively). The comfort level in dealing with diabetes correlated with the knowledge score for physicians, but not for nurses.

Conclusions: Knowledge of diabetes is mediocre among medical and nursing house staff. For physicians, the knowledge level depends on the speciality (internal medicine better than surgery and gynaecology) and correlates with the comfort level in dealing with diabetes, but is not higher in attending physicians than in residents.