g , spending more time with his nephews), but he is aware of how

g., spending more time with his nephews), but he is aware of how difficult it will be to engage in change. Again, note that the therapist continues to elicit examples from the patient that are related to his depression, his health

status and ART adherence, and the interrelationships among these conditions. Steve’s presentation also provides an illustration of the frequent co-occurrence of depression, drug use, and HIV infection, and research has found that this comorbidity drives transmission of HIV, particularly among men who have sex with men (Stall et al., 2003). Sessions 3 through 12 address SCH727965 the core skills and concepts that are taught as part of traditional CBT for depression, including (3) activity scheduling (i.e., behavioral activation), (4–5) adaptive thinking (i.e., cognitive restructuring), (6–7) problem-solving, (8) relaxation, (9–11) flexible sessions, and (12) relapse prevention. Two sessions are devoted

to both adaptive thinking and problem solving, leaving 3 additional sessions in the 12-session protocol to tailor treatment to the needs of the individual patient and spend more time reviewing and practicing the skills that are most relevant to the patient’s experiences Bcl-2 inhibitor with depression and ART adherence. While the skills addressed in each one of these sessions are analogous to those found in traditional CBT for depression, CBT-AD emphasizes treatment of depressive symptoms in the context of HIV/AIDS illness and ART adherence. As such, patient and therapist review depressive symptoms and ART adherence at the beginning of each session, and the therapist is responsible for guiding discussion to include content relevant to the patient’s health status and ART adherence, as is relevant to the specific needs of the patient. Video clip 6 provides a demonstration of how the core sessions of CBT can be adapted to the needs of HIV-infected adults in CBT-AD. “Jennifer,” a 35-year-old heterosexual woman,

is Aspartate single and was recently infected with HIV by a male partner. She presented to therapy with moderate levels of ART adherence and many symptoms of depressions, including low mood, anhedonia, loss of energy, guilt, and suicidal ideation. Jennifer has experienced an improvement in her ART adherence and symptoms of depression during the course of treatment, but she continues to experience various cognitive distortions related to her HIV status that are a barrier to further improvement in her mental health. This video clip demonstrates the second session of adaptive thinking (i.e., cognitive restructuring) in the CBT-AD protocol. Jennifer’s presentation illustrates a pattern of distorted thinking that is both similar to and distinct from those of patients without HIV infection (see Table 1).

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