For example, using a rough estimation, within a 2-μm-diameter via, there can be ideally integrated (100% filling percentage) up to 10,000 MWCNTs with a diameter of 20 nm. However, if a similar filling percentage can be assumed as the one previously estimated,

a correction factor of slightly larger than 2 should be included. Still, a reduced resistance of up to 3 orders of magnitude is expected to characterize the entire via. In our setup, it must be mentioned that the estimated resistances contain, besides the internal CNT resistance, inputs from metal contacts, namely Vactosertib solubility dmso metallic tip/CNT and CNT/bottom metal line. Whilst the first-mentioned top contact resistance is constant (due to the same loading force) Stem Cells antagonist and the CNT quality is presumably the same (Raman spectroscopy confirmed this issue on a similar sample [15]), the observed variation in the electric response from network to network is due to the bottom contact resistance. At the moment, it can be concluded that the electric behaviour Selleckchem RAD001 of the bottom contact layer is inhomogeneous. The reason behind is mostly due to the formation of tantalum oxide and tantalum carbides

as could be emphasized by energy-filtered TEM [15] which however requires for ultimate sample damage. In this regard, it was shown that c-AFM gives the extra possibility to electrically investigate buried interfaces to a very low scale being superior in this regard to the standard I V measurements which exhibit a strong average character. Table 1 The estimated resistance values of the indicated MWCNT arrays MWCNT array I II III IV V Resistance (MΩ) 24.49 19.04 1.74 14.20 6.33 Conclusions The final message of this work emphasizes the versatility of c-AFM to investigate

vertically aligned MWCNT arrays aimed for via interconnect systems in a highly reproducible manner. Such studies can bring in parallel to the 3D topography substantial advantages over Histidine ammonia-lyase the standard I-V measurements. Complementary information confined down to extremely low scales is accessible. This might be of great relevance for future studies on extremely narrow CNTs via interconnects where the importance of individual CNTs grows considerably, especially possible variations in the electric behaviour from individual CNTs can occur. Complementary to the classical electric measurements where top contacts are required and therefore a general electric behaviour for the whole via is obtained, c-AFM can address individual CNTs and get a better detailed insight into the via. The outcome can prove itself of crucial importance in comprehensively understanding and consequently optimizing the development of via interconnect systems. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Research Unit 1713 ‘Sensoric Micro and Nano Systems’ and GRK 1215 ‘Materials and Concepts for Advanced Interconnects’. References 1.