For CD8α+ and CD8α− NK cell sorting experiments, approximately 150 × 106 PBMCs were stained with appropriate concentrations of FITC-conjugated anti-CD3, PE-conjugated anti-CD20 and Pacific Blue-conjugated anti-CD8 mAbs and passed through a FACSAria II Cell Sorter (BD Biosciences). Natural killer cells were activated using NK-cell-activating cytokines or by co-culture with NK-sensitive target cells. For the first approach, PBMCs were plated at 1 × 106 cells/ml in 24-well plates and stimulated

with recombinant macaque IL-15 (150 ng/ml) or recombinant macaque IL-2-Fc (a fusion of macaque IL-2 and IgG2 Fc, 400 ng/ml), both obtained from the NIH/NCRR funded Resource for Nonhuman Primate Immune Reagents, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, for 24 hr, with the last 6 hr of culture Lumacaftor mw being in the presence of 1 μl/ml of GolgiPlug (BD Biosciences). As macaque IL-12 was not available from the Resource for Nonhuman Primate Immune Reagents, recombinant human IL-12 (100 ng/ml, Peprotech, Rock Hill, NJ) having 95% amino acid homology with the macaque protein37 was also used as a stimulus. Cells were subsequently washed and expression of CD69, and IFN-γ/TNF-α production by CD8α+ and CD8α− NK cells were measured by

flow cytometry. For the second approach, PBMCs were initially cultured in the presence of IL-2 (400 ng/ml) or IL-15 (150 ng/ml) for 24 hr. Cells were then extensively washed and co-cultured with find more the HLA class I-defective B-cell line 721.221 at a 5 : 1 effector-to-target (E : T) ratio for 6 hr before flow cytometry analysis of CD69 and IFN-γ expression on CD8α+ and CD8α− NK cells. In both approaches, non-stimulated PBMCs were used to determine the baseline levels

of NK cell activation. Total RNA was isolated from sorted cells using Qiagen’s RNeasy Plus Mini Kit according to the manufacturer’s directions (Qiagen, selleck chemicals Valencia, CA), followed by the immediate generation of cDNA using the Qiagen QuantiTect Kit with the following modification; the extension time was increased from 15 min to 1 hr at 42°. Primers (Table 1) were designed to be exon spanning and were tested against the rhesus macaque genome on the UCSC Genome Browser website (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) using Blat (University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA). Gene expression levels were normalized against 18s RNA as reference gene. For the calculation of expression levels we used the ΔΔ2CT method. Samples were run in triplicate in a 96-well plate in 25 μl reaction volumes using SYBR green premix with ROX (Fermentas, Glen Burnie, MD) on an Applied Biosytems ABI7000 cycler (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) under the following conditions: 2 min at 50°, 10 min at 95° and 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°, 15 seconds at 59° and 30 seconds at 72·5° followed by standard melting curve analysis.