Epithelial markers such as CAM 5.2 are used to confirm the presence of an epithelioid variant of AS (70-72). There are no clear guidelines on the management of anorectal AS. We know from other sites that surgery and radiation therapy have an important role. For example, in a retrospective review of 67 patients with non-anorectal AS, Mark et al. showed a 5-year disease-free survival of 43% in patients who underwent surgery and radiation as opposed to 17% in patients who underwent surgery without radiation

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (73). The role for chemotherapy on the other hand is still under investigation, with some response reported with Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Daunorubicin (74). There are 12 cases of AS of the rectum reported in the literature and none of the anus (63-68,75-79). Among these, one had metastasis to bone and two had lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis (66,67,76). Average age at presentation was 57 years (range, 30-79) and 75% of patients were women. Tumor size ranged between 2 and 16.5 cm (average: 5 cm). Eight patients underwent surgical excision: 6 radical resections (APR or anterior resection) and 2 local excisions. Of these, 6 also received adjuvant radiation therapy. Of the four non-surgical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cases Transferase inhibitor published, 2 were treated with radiotherapy and no treatment details

were provided for the remaining 2. Seven of these publications reported follow up data. The longest disease-free survival was 27 months in a young patient treated by posterior exenteration followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Three patients were reported to have died of their disease, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical all within 8 months. Raising questions about the appropriateness of their preoperative staging (66,67,79). There are too few anorectal AS cases to support prognostic associations, however, a recent review of colon AS has shown that tumor size (>5 cm), node positivity and distant metastasis all correlated with poor prognosis (80). At the moment, two phase II trials are studying the use of bevacizumab with radiation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the treatment of AS (74). Although these trials do not

specifically target anorectal AS, it is hoped that positive findings would translate into easier treatment planning for Rutecarpine AS of the anus and rectum. Dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans Dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans (DFSP) is thought to arise as a result of the chromosomal translocation t[17;22] in 90% of cases. As a result, the COL1A1 gene fuses with a platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) gene in fibroblasts, leading to over production of PDGF, which is a growth stimulant, thinking it is a structural protein. Fibroblasts contain the receptor for PDGF and thus further stimulating release, growth and mitosis (81,82). DFSP has a 0.4% incidence of distant metastasis, but close to 25% local recurrence rate (83,84).