Competitive ozonation experiments in heterogeneous and homogeneous mode have also been carried out to determine the second-order direct ozonation rate constants.

RESULTS: Inlet ozone concentration, alkaline conditions and addition of 10(-3) mol L-1 of H2O2 positively affected the degree of mineralization and the disappearance of chemical oxygen demand of the mixture. Reaction rates depend on pH; at pH 7 the following direct ozone rate constants were obtained: 2.7 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(3), 2.5 Crenigacestat x 10(4), 6.2 x 10(5), 3.2 x 10(5), 3.4 x 10(5), 8.0 x 10(5) and 4.6 x 10(5)

mol(-1) L-1 s(-1) for acetaminophen, metoprolol, caffeine, antipyrine, norfloxacin, ketorolac, doxycycline, hydroxybiphenyl, and diclofenac, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The positive effect on TOC and COD removal that ozone dosage exerts is not applicable to individual contaminants. An optimum ozone concentration can be found with no further improvement of the depletion rate of organics as the ozone inlet concentration is increased. Carbonates affect the oxidation Ilomastat of recalcitrant compounds like atrazine. Carbonate concentration must be considered when dealing with

real effluents. Addition of hydrogen peroxide can increase the mineralization level obtained, however the increase in complexity and costs does not justify its addition. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Our aim was to analyse the relationship between migraine and smoking in medical students. Medical students who had already received AZD0530 teaching on migraine were asked to answer an ad hoc questionnaire. A total of 361 students filled in the questionnaire: 245 (68%) were women. International Headache Society criteria were fulfilled by 58 (prevalence of migraine 16%) students. A total of 74 (20%) were current smokers: 21 males (18% of men were smokers) and 53 females (22% smokers). Within those 58 students with migraine, 17 (29%) smoke: only 2 were males (14% of males with migraine smoked) while the remaining 15 were females (34%

of women with migraine smoked). Within those 17 students who were smokers and migraineurs, 12 (71%) thought that smoking worsens migraine and 10 (59%) that smoking precipitates attacks. The minimum number of cigarettes which subjectively precipitates attacks was 5. Migraine prevalence in the 20s in Spain is 16%. Our data obtained in medical students suggest that smoking can be a precipitating factor for migraine attacks, as the prevalence of active smoking is one-third higher in migraineurs and as there seems to be a relationship between the number of cigarettes and the development of migraine attacks.”
“OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and umbilical cord acid-base status at the time of cesarean delivery.