(C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Plant cell/organ growth may be partly described

by a local tensor equation. We provide a mathematical proof that the Lockhart (global) equation is the diagonal component of this tensor equation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1 (Morg1) has been recently identified as modular scaffold regulating ERK signaling. Morg1 also attenuates expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) by activating or stabilizing of prolyl-hydroxylase 3 (PHD3). Here we demonstrate for the first time that Morg1 is expressed in the human brain in neurons, glial cells, and blood vessel walls. Immunohistochemistry, BGJ398 solubility dmso RT real-time PCR and western blotting indicated that Morg1 expression is reduced in human brain tissue with ischemic damage. Moreover, reactive astrocytes in the surrounding brain tissue showed

strong Morg1 expression. Since hypoxic adaptation with enhancing HIF-1 alpha expression can engage a genetic program leading to profound sparing of brain tissue and enhanced recovery of function, down-regulation of Morg1 expression in the ischemic brain may be viewed as an intrinsic mechanism to stimulate this response. On the other hand, upregulation of Morg1 in astrocytes surrounding the penumbra may counteract this hypoxic adaptation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We study the origin of evolution. Evolution is based on replication, mutation, and selection. But how does RepSox solubility dmso evolution begin? When do chemical kinetics turn into

evolutionary dynamics? We propose ”prelife”" and “”prevolution”" as the logical precursors of life and evolution. Prelife generates sequences of variable length. Prelife is a generative chemistry that proliferates information and produces diversity without replication. The resulting “”prevolutionary dynamics”" have mutation and selection. We propose an equation that allows us to investigate the origin of evolution. about In one limit, this “”originator equation”" gives the classical selection equation. In the other limit, we obtain “”prelife.”" There is competition between life and prelife and there can be selection for or against replication. Simple prelife equations with uniform rate constants have the property that longer sequences are exponentially less frequent than shorter ones. But replication can reverse such an ordering. As the replication rate increases, some longer sequences can become more frequent than shorter ones. Thus, replication can lead to “”reversals”" in the equilibrium portraits. We study these reversals, which mark the transition from prelife to life in our model. If the replication potential exceeds a critical value, then life replicates into existence. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.