All participants provided consent to participate. Interviews were conducted by research staff trained in cognitive interviewing and using a structured guide. Smokers were asked about their familiarity with genetic concepts (e.g., DNA, genes), understanding of the roles genes play in smoking selleck bio behavior and treatment response, reaction to the concept of genetically tailoring pharmacotherapy, familiarity with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, concerns about privacy of genetic information, and interest in genetically tailored treatment. Each interview was audiotaped and transcribed. Participants received $25 and reimbursement for parking, as applicable. Interviews were continued until response saturation (i.e., when responses became redundant and no new themes emerged) was achieved (n = 10; six females, mean age = 46.

1). Transcripts were reviewed by the study investigators (SPD, JM) for key themes and specific feedback that then informed the content, tone, and best format for delivering GF to pilot participants. Phase 1C: Protocol Development Based on the feedback from smokers and our expert panel, we drafted a one-page information sheet describing how genes influence medications; two one-page GF forms, called Personal Treatment Profiles (one for persons with the A1 genotype and one for persons with the A2 genotype), which informed participants of their genotype, the relevance of this to smoking cessation pharmacotherapy outcomes, and the medication (NRT or bupropion) that had been assigned to them based on their genotype and a cover letter for these materials.

Next, we created a cognitive behavioral counseling program based on best practice standards (Fiore et al., 2008). Phase 2: Randomized Pilot Trial and Summative Interviews Phase 2A: Recruitment and Enrollment Pilot participants were recruited from April 2010 through February 2011. Potential participants were mailed an invitation letter, contacted by phone, and if willing, screened for eligibility. Participants were eligible if they were aged 18�C65; currently smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day and wanted to stop smoking in the next 3�C6 weeks; self-identified as White, non-Hispanic; were comfortable reading and writing in English; had a telephone; were currently enrolled in GHC and eligible to receive medications from the mail order pharmacy; and were willing to receive information about their genotype.

Individuals were ineligible if they reported medical contraindications for NRT or bupropion, or evidenced current depression as assessed by a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ; Kroenke et al., 2009) score >10. Persons with documented evidence of psychotic, mood, or other Axis I disorders were also excluded based on their medical records and were prescreened out of the invitation Batimastat pool.