Evaluation of pre-treatments combining dye and surfactant BAY 11-7082 purchase As a second step,

Triton X-100, Tween 20 and IGEPAL CA-630, three widely used nonionic surfactants, were tested for their efficacy in improving the effects of PMA / EMA treatment on viral particles (Table 3). Table 3 Influence of combined dyes and surfactants on viruses Titration method Virus see more Infectious / inactived Dye Triton ×100 Tween 20 IGEPAL CA-630 0.1% 0.5% 1% 0.1% 0.5% 1% 0.1% 0.5% 1% RT-qPCR HAV Infectious EMA (20 μM) 0.03 ± 0.07 −0.06 ± 0.06 −0.05 ± 0.05 −0.02 ± 0.09 −0.07 ± 0.09 −0.02 ± 0.06 0.02 ± 0.13 −0.02 ± 0.05 −0.04 ± 0.09 Inactived −2.42 ± 0.04 −2.52 ± 0.10 −2.48 ± 0.01 −1.70 ± 0.05

−1.88 ± 0.29 −1.89 ± 0.08 −2.23 ± 0.41 −2.68 ± 0.01 −2.42 ± 0.07 Infectious PMA (50 μM) −0.07 ± 0.02 −0.07 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 −0.05 ± 0.06 −0.12 ± 0.07 −0.09 ± 0.09 −0.06 ± 0.08 −0.04 ± 0.05 −0.07 ± 0.10 Inactived −2.34 ± 0.27 −2.49 ± 0.25 −2.51 ± 0.23 −1.74 ± 0.07 −1.70 ±0.09 −1.70 ± 0.11 −2.42 ± 0.27 −2.49 ± 0.34 −2.34 ± 0.19 RV (SA11) Infectious EMA (20 μM) −0.80 ± 0.10 −0.77 ± 0.08 0.47 ± 0.11 SC79 0.75 ± 0.14 −0.72 ± 0.07 −0.68 ± 0.09 −0.79 ± 0.07 −0.47 ± 0.09 −0.71 ± 0.09 Inactived −1.66 ± 0.09 1.43 ± 0.15 −1.14 ± 0.28 −1.18 ± 0.17 −1.89 ± 0.77 −1.28 ± 0.20 −1.30 ± 0.13 −1.28 ± 0.30 −0.81 ± 0.27 Infectious PMA (50 μM) −0.74 ± 0.15 −0.77 ± 0.16 −0.91 ± 0.20 0.80 ± 0.11 −0.76 ± 0.20 −0.80 ± 0.20 −0.72 ± 0.14 0.71 ± 0.23 −0.81 ± 0.18 Inactived −1.34 ± 0.18 −1.29 ± 0.13 −1.33 ± 0.22 −1.30 ± 0.15 −1.39 ± 0.16 −1.31 ± 0.49 −1.31 ± 0.27 −1.35 ± 0.25 −1.14 ± 0.39 RV (Wa) Infectious EMA (20 μM) −0.39 ± 0.07 −0.24 ± 0.13 −0.15 ± 0.10 −0.41 ± 0.06 −0.13 ± 0.13 −0.37 ± 0.17 −0.28 ± 0.22 −0.21 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.13 Inactived −1.21 ± 0.14 −0.68 ± 0.12 −0.40 ± 0.16 −1.01 ± 0.19 −0.88 ± 0.15 −0.58 ± 0.16 −0.82 ± 0.43

PDK4 −0.71 ± 0.08 −0.14 ± 0.13 Infectious PMA (75 μM) −0.57 ± 0.14 −0.61 ± 0.18 −0.61 ± 0.13 −0.58 ± 0.15 −0.58 ± 0.11 −0.64 ± 0.14 −0.60 ± 0.16 −0.58 ± 0.15 −0.70 ± 0.16 Inactived −1.23 ± 0.08 −1.11 ± 0.04 −1.20 ± 0.18 −1.21 ± 0.08 −1.15 ± 0.09 −1.15 ± 0.17 −1.21 ± 0.08 −1.15 ± 0.18 −1.23 ± 0.08 Cell culture HAV Infectious None 0.09 ± 0.22 −0.03 ± 0.17 0.02 ± 0.21 0.11 ± 0.11 0.16 ± 0.06 0.04 ± 0.25 0.06 ± 0.17 −0.01 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.09 Quantification by RT-qPCR assays A after monoazide treatment combined with surfactants (Triton ×100, Tween-20, IGEPAL CA-630) of 105 TCID50 of RV (SA11), 103 TCID50 of RV (Wa) and 6× 104 PFU of HAV, infectious or inactivated at 80°C for 10 minutes, and titration by cell culture of 6× 104 PFU of infectious HAV treated with surfactants.