89 × 10-18  S/K, respectively, from the fitting to the bulk material values [17]. According to the Callaway model in Equations 3 and 4, the first term represents the boundary scattering;

the second term Aω4 represents the scattering by point impurities or isotopes, and the third term represents the Umklapp process. Theoretical fits of the temperature dependence of the out-of-plane thermal conductivities of the Fe3O4 films from 20 to 300 K of Equations 2 and 4, which were obtained using the commercial application Mathematica (http://​www.​wolfram.​com), are compared with the experimental Enzalutamide ic50 results in Figure 5a,b. From the numerical calculation of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity, it was noted that the κ values indisputably decreased when the grain size was reduced, indicating that the effect of the nano-grained thin films on the thermal conductivity is essentially due to the relaxation time model based on phonon-boundary scattering.

As shown in Figure 5a,b, the theoretical modeling based on the Callaway model agrees well quantitatively with the experimental data even though there is a difference in the κ values between the theoretical and experimental results for the 100-nm Fe3O4 film. The Selleckchem AMG510 measured thermal conductivity results in the 100-nm click here films were approximately five times lower than the Callaway model prediction. This deviation can be explained by two arguments. First, the deviation in the thermal conductivity for the 100-nm thick film could be explained by the boundary effect, i.e., surface boundary scattering of the thinner films, in which the surface boundary scattering is more dominant compared to that of bulk and bulk-like thicker films, providing more phonon-boundary effect in thermal conductivity. However,

in our theoretical model, no size and surface boundary scattering effects were considered. Thus, the measured temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity (0.52 W/m · K at 300 K) was relatively lower than the results expected from the theoretical calculation Interleukin-2 receptor (1.9 to 2.4 W/m · K at 300 K), as shown in Figure 5b [2, 34, 35]. Previously, Li et al. also reported a similar observation for the thermal conductivity of Bi2Se3 nanoribbon [36]. Second, to numerically calculate the thermal conductivity using the Callaway model, we used the fitting parameters of A and B in the relaxation rate from the bulk materials. Thus, the theoretical calculation could be closer to the bulk material values. To clearly understand this inconsistency between the theoretical and experimental results, especially in nanoscale thin films (100-nm thin film in our case), the size and surface boundary effects in the Callaway model should be studied in detail for 1D and 2D nanostructures.