2012]. The clinical high-risk state for psychosis is also characterized by significant cognitive impairments and neurobiological abnormalities in the structure [Fusar-Poli et al. 2011a; Smieskova et al. 2010], function [Fusar-Poli et al. 2007, 2010, 2011b], connectivity [Crossley et al. 2009] and neurochemistry [Howes et al. 2009] of the brain. Once the psychosis has developed, antipsychotic treatments are usually started as soon as possible to reduce Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the duration

of untreated disease and improve the long-term outcomes. Nonadherence to medication is one of the most important predictors for relapse, increasing the risk fivefold in patients with first-episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and leading to relapse rates of more than 80% within 5 years [Robinson et al. 1999]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Although treatment response is better in FEPs than in multi-episode patients [Lehman et al. 2004] and within 1 year response

rates of about 87% can be expected [Robinson et al. 1999], relapse rates are still high. In the EUFEST study that examined participants with a first episode of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder, 42% of all patients discontinued their medical treatment within the first year [Kahn et al. 2008]. Likewise, fewer than 50% of patients with psychosis continue their medication for the first 2 months after an initial hospitalization [Tiihonen et al. 2011]. Reviews on nonadherence in treatment with long-acting antipsychotic depot injections (LAIs) found rates ranging between 0% and 54%

[Heyscue et al. 1998; Young et al. 1986, 1999]. The clinical imperative to reduce relapse rates in FEPs stems from the patients’ distress, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical carers’ burden, the potential for relapse to derail hard-won progress in psychosocial recovery, the risk of persistent psychosis after each new episode, and the added economic burden of treating relapse [Ascher-Svanum et al. 2010]. The treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders with LAIs as an alternative method of administration was introduced in the 1960s specifically to face problems with treatment adherence and simplify the medication regimes in chronic patients [Barnes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Curson, 1994; Davis et al. 1994; Johnson, 1984; Simpson, 1984]. A recently published meta-analysis underlines the advantages of depot medication in comparison with oral second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in terms of relapse reduction [Leucht et al. 2011]. GBA3 A significantly lower risk of rehospitalization after a first inpatient treatment episode in subjects with depot injections compared with patients with equivalent oral formulations was found in a recently published cohort study [Tiihonen et al. 2011]. However, these findings are subjected to a controversial discussion due important sources of bias [Leucht et al. 2011] and recent studies that signify no differences in relapse rates [Haddad et al. 2009]. In clinical practice the prescription rate for depot medication in most Etoposide concentration European countries is lower than 20% [Kane et al.