1 ± 0.05 μmol g−1) (Fig. 1). The highest concentration of GL was found in the stalks of organic broccoli (1.5 ± 0.4 μmol g−1); this value is similar to values

reported by Aires, CTLA-4 antibody Rosa, and Carvalho (2006). However, the GL stalk concentration is considerably higher than those reported by Song and Thornalley (2007), which resembled the concentrations we observed in inflorescences. Some authors have attributed these differences to the type of cultivation, soil conditions, climate, humidity, photoperiod and several other environmental factors (Fahey et al., 2001). The high glucosinolate concentration found in this present study could be due to the extraction medium, which contained TFA. Data reported by other authors (Song & Thornalley, 2007) utilized an extraction method conducted with pure methanol. This hypothesis is supported by the data shown in Fig. 1, which compares the extraction of GL with and without TFA. Another possibility for the discrepancy is the time period used for calculating thioglucosidase activity (24 h). This time Ganetespib in vitro duration was optimized for complete GL hydrolysis, and this may have led to the

generation of increased amounts of glucose, the product of the hydrolysis reaction. These data are interesting, and we verified some differences in glucosinolate concentrations among different plant parts. We also considered the vegetable parts that are usually discarded by consumers. Some of the discarded plant tissues contain the highest concentration of these substances, which have been reported to have possible positive effects on human health (Tang and Zhang, 2005 and Hu et al., 2006). Furthermore, our data suggest that plants cultivated in accordance with organic procedures can be promising sources for elucidating the metabolic synthesis pathways of glucosinolates and for extracting bioactive and natural compounds for industrial use. The data reported in Fig. 1 show that no significant differences in GL content were observed among various morphological

parts of the broccoli grown under conventional cultivation. Furthermore, as first reported by Song and Thornalley (2007), the cooking process did not significantly decrease the total GL content in these conventionally cultivated vegetables. However, this result is controversial and has been discussed by Vallejo, Tomas-Barberan, and (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate Garcia-Viguera (2002). This present work noted a significant decrease in the GL content of organic broccoli following simulated cooking. According to Song and Thornalley (2007), cooking affects glucosinolate composition and content in Brassica vegetables; these changes in composition depending on the processing manner, cooking time, vegetable type and damage to vegetable tissues. In our study, cooking time was short (5 min) and minimized the loss of these compounds from conventional vegetables. However, inactivation of myrosinase and tissue damage by the boiling water treatment may have affected the organic broccoli.