tail arteries. S 22153 appears to be able to differentiate different photoperiodic responses, at least in the Syrian hamster: it decreased the total hibernation duration observed in animals exposed to SP and low temperatures, and significantly inhibited the increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue mass. However, neither the gonadal atrophy nor the body mass increase induced by SP was affected by S Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 22153 (author’s laboratory, unpublished data). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a pharmacological dissociation of photoperiodic-controlled

seasonal functions. Through changes in duration of its nocturnal peak, MEL can also distribute the photoperiodic message to all peripheral structures containing MEL receptors, which explains the increase in immunity observed under SP conditions in some species. Melatonin

and circadian functions The diurnal organization of physiological processes relies on endogenous circadian Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical oscillator(s) that generate rhythms and are capable of being entrained to cyclic environmental factors (eg, LD cycle). Such clocks convey circadian information to the rest of the organism via nervous and/or Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical endocrine pathways. In most nonmammalian vertebrates, the rhythmic synthesis and secretion of MEL is the direct output, of such clocks and the rhythmic changes in the concentration of circulating MEL are fundamental to circadian rhythmicity.115 In mammals, it is VE-821 chemical structure generally assumed that the pineal gland is not involved in the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Pinealectomy indeed appears to have little effect, on the circadian rhythm of activity.116

Therefore, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical it was concluded that, contrary to nonmammalian species, circulating rhythmic MEL had a very limited role in circadian organization. The MEL rhythm, however, is only one of the efferent signals of the clock. It is probable that for the circadian organization of functions, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical circadian information is distributed via a number of different efferent clock signals. Pinealectomy has little effect Mephenoxalone on circadian organization, perhaps because, even without MEL, the circadian signal can be integrated through other clock outputs.117,118 This will not preclude an important role for MEL in circadian organization. Subtle desynchrony of several physiological functions after pinealectomy has been described119 and the reentrainment of rat locomotor activity rhythm is modified after a phase-shift of the LD cycle.120 One week after pinealectomy the firing rate rhythm of SCN neurons in vitro is altered, as well as the daily rhythm of responsiveness to MEL.121 MEL is also known to interfere with metabolic activity (glucose utilization and protein synthesis) of the SCN.