Analysis of the liver CD8+ T cells demonstrated that these cells segregate into at least two phenotypically distinct subsets of memory CD8+ T cells; the CD44hiCD45RBloCD62Llo effector memory set (TEM) and the CD44hiCD45RBhiCD62Llo/hi central memory set (TCM) (8). The CD8+

TEM cells are the major IFN-γ producers and their numbers decline with temporal loss of protection; the CD8+ TCM cells express increased level of IL-15R (CD122) (9) and require IL-15 for sustained homoeostatic proliferation (9,10). In addition, the CD8+ TCM cells play a role in the maintenance of protracted protection as the majority of IL-15 KO mice are protected upon a primary challenge but all lose protection upon re-challenge (U. Krzych, Nutlin-3a order manuscript in preparation). Despite a decade-long effort to map T cell fine specificities of liver CD8+ TEM and Akt inhibitor TCM cells, we have only scant information regarding the potential pre-erythrocytic Plasmodia Ags that induce protective CD8+ T cells and the respective CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes that complex with MHC class I and II to engage the TCR on protective T cells. One approach to examine the fine specificities of the CD8+ T cell subpopulations is to characterize and compare the TCR repertoire

in mice protected by immunization with Pbγ-spz (11–13). This approach would not only provide a much better understanding of the relationship between the liver-stage Ag-specific CD8+ TEM and TCM cells but might also suggest mechanisms by which plasmodial Ag are processed and presented to interact with TCR on effector T www.selleck.co.jp/products/Rapamycin.html cells. The TCR is expressed as a heterodimeric protein composed of α and β subunits. Somatic recombinations of diversity (D) and joining (J) regions in Vα, and variable (V), D and J regions in Vβ

result in the diversity of the TCR repertoire (14). A number of studies in mice (15–19) and humans (20–23) have demonstrated that preferential TCR Vβ are expressed during T cell responses to infectious agents that correlate with T cell function of a particular Ag specificity. These observations provided an impetus to ask whether T cells responding to a protozoan parasite like Plasmodium, which contains more than 5000 genes with approximately 2000 genes active during the liver-stage of development (24), would exhibit a narrow or a wide and fluctuating or a stable TCR repertoire during protective immunity. Surprisingly, the CD8+ T cell response to another protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, with a genome encoding more than 12 000 genes, was found to be highly focused on epitopes encoded by members of the trans-sialidase family of genes (25). Moreover, responses to Toxoplasma gondii demonstrated that robust CD8+ T cell responses are directed to a single, dominant epitope (26).