To address the impact of the ADAM10 mutations on brain pathology, we chose Tg2576 as an AD mouse model. These mice overexpress human APP harboring the Swedish mutation at the β-secretase cleavage site, under the expression control of prion protein promoter sequence, in B6/SJL hybrid background. Thus, to avoid the influence on phenotype expression in Tg2576/ADAM10 double-transgenic mice, particularly with regard to Aβ generation and deposition, we generated ADAM10 transgenic mice by employing the same expression promoter and genetic background as in the Tg2576 mice. To account for potential

incomplete penetrance of the prodomain mutations, akin to effects on AD pathology reported for transgenic Birinapant in vitro mice expressing the ε4 risk allele of APOE, we included an artificial DN mutation of ADAM10 (E384A), as a positive control to simulate a fully penetrant mutation. The E384A DN mutation was originally reported in Drosophila buy ZD1839 at the zinc-binding catalytic site of the enzyme, marking the protease as an inactive form ( Pan and Rubin, 1997). However, in vivo overexpression of the defective protease resulted in dominant-negative signaling pattern related to the enzyme activity, probably by competing with endogenous ADAM10 for its substrates and auxiliary factors essential for the enzyme activity ( Lammich et al., 1999 and Pan and Rubin, 1997). In this

study, we also observed dramatic effects of the artificial dominant-negative mutant form of ADAM10 on APP processing, Aβ accumulation, Astemizole and hippocampal neurogenesis. Meanwhile, the two LOAD mutations in the ADAM10 prodomain exerted significant but less dramatic effects on ADAM10 activity in brain. Although complete ablation of endogenous mouse ADAM10 results in lethal developmental defects in brain ( Hartmann et al., 2002 and Jorissen et al., 2010), partial reduction of the endogenous metalloprotease activity by the overexpression of ADAM10-DN form did not produce any notable abnormality in brain morphology up to 24 months old (data not shown). All the ADAM10 transgenic mouse lines used in this study maintain endogenous mouse ADAM10. Therefore, the impact of different ADAM10

genotypes (WT, Q170H, R181G, and DN) on substrate (e.g., APP) processing would probably be affected by the presence of the wild-type form of endogenous mouse ADAM10. However, we deemed it necessary to retain the endogenous ADAM10 to prevent potential developmental defects that might have occurred in its absence. The evidence that the two ADAM10 LOAD mutations attenuate enzyme activity was derived from our observation of reduced ectodomain shedding of ADAM10 itself. In agreement with the recent findings from in vitro studies of ADAM10 and other ADAM protease processing (Gaultier et al., 2002, Kang et al., 2002, Taylor et al., 2009 and Tousseyn et al., 2009), the complete absence of ADAM10-CTF in all the DN mouse lines (Figures 1 and S1) suggest that ADAM10 activity regulates its own ectodomain shedding at the cysteine-rich domain.