, 1995). Most current studies have been focused on understanding how the expression of the ecdysone receptor, EcR-B1, is regulated by TGF-β signaling pathway, the cohesin complex, and the Ftz-F1/Hr39 pathway during MB axon pruning ( Figure 8E; Boulanger et al., 2011, Pauli et al., 2008, Schuldiner et al., 2008 and Zheng et al., 2003). However, very little is known about how activation of EcR-B1 downstream effectors is regulated during pruning. It is also unknown whether and how specific intrinsic epigenetic factors cooperate with the extrinsic

ecdysone signal to regulate RAD001 nmr their common downstream target gene activation during pruning. Among 81 epigenetic factors, we isolated the Brm chromatin remodeler and the histone modifier CBP. We demonstrate essential roles of Brm-mediated chromatin remodeling and CBP-mediated histone acetylation in governing dendrite pruning of ddaC neurons in response to ecdysone. We also show that sox14 is a major downstream target gene of both Brm and CBP during ddaC dendrite pruning, because Brm and CBP specifically activate the key ecdysone early-response gene sox14, but not the ecdysone receptor gene EcR-B1 ( Figure 8E). Furthermore, the intrinsic HAT activity of CBP is required for sox14 expression and ddaC dendrite pruning. Our biochemical

analyses reveal that the liganded EcR-B1 forms a protein complex with CBP, which is facilitated by Brm. EcR-B1 and Brm act in conjunction with CBP to coordinately facilitate the local enrichment of Afatinib ic50 an active chromatin mark H3K27Ac at the sox14 gene region, thereby activating their common target sox14 expression. This study provides mechanistic insight into crotamiton how specific intrinsic epigenetic machinery transduces extrinsic hormonal signals to establish a transcriptionally active chromatin state and thereby activate specific transcriptional cascades during remodeling and maturation of the nervous systems in animals. Emerging evidence indicates that ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers play essential roles in the development of the vertebrate nervous system (Yoo and Crabtree,

2009), for example, dendrite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons and self-renewal/differentiation of neural stem cells in mammals (Lessard et al., 2007 and Wu et al., 2007). In Drosophila, RNAi knockdown of brm in embryonic class I ddaD/E neurons exhibited a dendrite misrouting phenotype, suggesting its potential involvement in embryonic dendrite development ( Parrish et al., 2006). Mutations in the Brm complex components revealed dendrite targeting phenotypes in Drosophila olfactory projection neurons ( Tea and Luo, 2011). However, we found that Brm is not important for dendrite development in class IV ddaC neurons because loss of brm function did not affect their dendritic outgrowth and morphology. Rather, we demonstrate a crucial role of the Brm-containing chromatin remodeler in regulating ddaC dendrite pruning during early metamorphosis.