This novel finding complements results from prospective clinical studies and provides further empirical support for cued recall as a specific indicator of prodromal AD, in line with recently proposed research criteria.48 Another surprisingly

simple test is the Clock Drawing test. AD patients show early difficulties in visuospatial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical processing and conceptual errors like misrepresentation of numbers in the command, but not in the copy, condition, pointing to deficits in semantic memory. The Trail Making Test A+B is a neuropsychological test of visual attention measuring mental processing speed, and the ability to switch between different tasks. It consists of two parts in which the subject is asked to connect a set of 25 dots as fast as possible while maintaining accuracy. Visual search speed, scanning and processing abilities, mental flexibility, and executive functioning can be assessed with this test. Regarding animal models, there are plenty of paradigmata available to test memory functions, but there is an overall lack of validated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical animal data that can be aligned with similar tests in human settings. Snigdha et al started with the Ixazomib clinical trial comprehensive toolbox for Neurologic Behavioral Function from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) which contains evaluated tests Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional

function for use in epidemiologic and clinical studies spanning 3 to 85 years of age and analyzed strengths and limitations of available animal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical behavioral tests to find matches. They defined a preclinical battery that aims to parallel the NIH Toolbox, and may help to close the gap between data from different species.49 Subjective cognitive impairment Subjective cognitive impairment without detectable objective memory deficit may no longer merely regarded as “normal aging” since it has been shown that it is a major risk factor for the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical development of dementia.50 A clear definition of what subjective memory impairment or subjective cognitive impairment actually mean is currently lacking. An international task force is, however, working on standard operating procedures that would

enable comparable study designs. A consensus regarding naming the concept “subjective cognitive impairment” in view of previously used terminology such as “subjective memory impairment” seems to be arising. Subjective cognitive impairment is defined as the individual coming up with the mere feeling below that something is not in order, without any objective parameters supporting that notion in the first place. Such a stage labeled subjective cognitive impairment may precede mild cognitive impairment in the continuum of Alzheimer disease manifestation. Using such a definition and without objective neuropsychological test alterations, the atrophy pattern of patients with subjective cognitive impairment seem to be related to the atrophy pattern seen in AD.