Mozambique ranks 19th on the list of 22 TB high-burden countries in the world. A steady increase in the prevalence rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (up to an estimated 16.2% among the population aged 15 to 49 years in 2004) makes the situation even more precarious. Mozambique, with around 20 million inhabitants, shares geographical borders with six other countries

where TB is also endemic, i.e., South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania. At present Mozambique has 252 district laboratories performing smear microscopy for TB diagnosis and one National Reference Laboratory that performs culture Luminespib and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates. Molecular genotyping is an important tool for the understanding of TB epidemiology. Despite the high TB burden in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, there is currently a paucity of information regarding the genetic diversity of MTC strains in Mozambique and no published data is available. Various methods have been used for phylogenetic

and population genetic studies [2]. Spoligotyping is a Polymerase buy 10058-F4 Chain Reaction (PCR)-based genotyping method that permits the assessment of the MTC genetic biodiversity in a rapid, reliable and cost effective way [3]. On the basis of the variability of the direct-repeat locus [3], spoligotyping has been used worldwide to type large click here numbers of strains in population based studies. In the present study, we characterized by spoligotyping 445 MTC isolates from a Drug Resistance Surveillance study performed in Mozambique over a 1-year period (2007-2008), in order to identify the predominant spoligotypes responsible for the prevalence of TB in Mozambique. Results Patients The study included a total of 445 M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients in Mozambique recruited during a resistance surveillance study over a 1-year period (2007-2008). The preliminary results of the Drug Resistance Surveillance study provided by the

National Tuberculosis Control Program indicate that 7.8% of all new cases analysed in their sample presented any resistance and 3.5% were multi-drug resistant [4]. Of the isolates included in the present study, 282 were from the South Selleck Alvocidib region of the country and 163 were from the North (Fig 1). Figure 1 Geographical distribution of M. tuberculosis predominant spoligotype lineages in 7 provinces of Mozambique. The map describes the geographical distribution of predominant spoligotype lineages in Maputo city, Maputo province, Gaza, Inhambane, Nampula, Cabo Delgado and Niassa. The number of isolates per lineage in each province is depicted. Lineages: Latin American Mediterranean (LAM); East African Indian (EAI); T lineage; Beijing; Haarlem (H) strains; X clade; Central Asian strains (CAS); S lineage, and the “”Manu”" lineage.